| Generic Name | Trade Name | Usage | Dosage | Half-Life Metabolism | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acamprosate | Campral, Aotal, Zulex | antidipsotropic, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, bipolar disorder | 1200-1800mg | 13-28 hrs renal excretion | * homotaurine: GLU release inhibitor GABAergic |
| acetophenazine | Tindal, Mepronizine, Noctran | antipsychotic | 20-60mg | 20-40 hrs | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| adinazolam | Deracyn | depression, anxiety, panic | 30-90mg | 3 hrs CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD partial agonist NE release 5-HT release |
| adrafinil | Olmifon | nootropic, vigilance, depression, dysthymia | 600-1200mg | 1 hr glycuroconjugation | * diphenyl methylsulfinyl: GLU release |
| agomelatine | Valdoxan | depression, anxiety, insomnia | 25mg | 2 hours N/A | * methoxynaphthyl ethylacetamide: 5- HT2b antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist +++ melatonin M1 receptor agonist +++ melatonin M2 receptor agonist +++ |
| almodipine | Norvasc, Lotrel, Amlor, Istin | hypertension, angina, bipolar disorder | 5-10mg | 30-50 hrs CYP-3A4 | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| alprazolam | Xanax, Ansiopax, Apotex, Constan, Mialin, Pazolam, Tafil, Tranquinal, Xanor, Zanapam | anxiety, GAD, panic disorder | 1.5-4.0mg (10mg max) | 11.2 hrs (6-26 hrs) CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT release |
| amantadine | Symmetrel, Symandine, Amantan, Mantadan, Virofral, | Parkinsons, antiviral, depression, AP-induced EPS | 100-300mg | 10-22 hrs renal excretion | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist DA increase DA release |
| amfebutamone (bupropion) | Wellbutrin, Zyban | depression, smoking cessation, AD sexual side-effects | 75-300mg (450mg max) | 21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2B6 | * monocyclic aminoketone: DA reuptake inhibition + NE increase ACh(n) antagonist |
| amiflamine | N/A | depression | 5-10mg | CYP-2D6 | * methylphenethylamine: RIMA |
| amineptine | Survector, Directim, Maneon | depression | 100-200mg | 5-8 hrs | * dibenzocycloheptene: DA reuptake inhibition |
| amisulpride | Solian | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-800mg (1200mg max) AD: 50-200mg | 12 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ (pre > post) DA3 antagonist +++ |
| amitriptyline | Elavil, Endep, Etrafon, Amitril, Amitrip, Domical, Etravil, Laroxyl, Lentizol, Levate, Miketorin, Novotriptyn, Pinsanu, Quietal, Redomex, Saroten, Tridep, Triptizol, Tryptal, Uxen, Vanatrip | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| amitriptyline + chlordiazepoxide | Limbitrol (12.5+5mg) (25+10mg) | comorbid depression and anxiety | (25+10mg) 3-6 per day | N/A | * TCA + benzodiazepine: NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ + BZD agonist |
| amitriptyline + perphenazine | Triavil, Etrafon | comorbid depression with (agitation or anxiety) | 200mg+16mg max | N/A | * TCA + neuroleptic: NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ + DA antagonist |
| amoxapine | Asendin, Defanyl, Moxadil | depression (psychotic) | 200-400mg (600mg max) | 8 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzoxazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + DA antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist 5-HT3 antagonist |
| amphetamine (mixed salts) | Adderall, Biphetamine | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, depression, AD sexual side-effects | 5-40mg (60mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| amphetamine (d-amphetamine) | Dexedrine, DextroStat, Benzadrine | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity, depression | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| apomorphine | Uprima, Apokinin | Parkinsons, sexual dysfunction (erectile), alcohol withdrawal | 2-3mg | 1-2 hrs glucuronide conjugation | * dibenzoquinoleine: DA agonist |
| aprepitant | Emend | depression, antiemetic | N/A | N/A | * triazoline: NK-1 antagonist |
| aripiprazole | Abilify, Abilitat | antipsychotic, depression, mania | 15-30mg | 75 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * quinolinone: DSS DA2 partial agonist +++ DA3 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ |
| asenapine | Saphris | antipsychotic, bipolar mania | 10-20mg | 24 hrs CYP-1A2 glucuronidation | * dibenzo-oxepino pyrrole: DA(1,2,3,4) antagonist ++ 5-HT2(a,b,c) antagonist +++ 5-HT1(a,b) partial agonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist ++ NE alpha2 antagonist |
| atenolol | Tenormin, Antipressan, Atehexal, Atenol, Blokium, Bresben, Ibinolo, Neatenol, Normiten, Tenif, Tenoretic | hypertension, angina, tremor, anxiety, akathisia, migraine | 50-200mg | 6-7 hrs renal excretion | * acetamide BB NE-beta1 antagonist ++ NE-beta2 antagonist + |
| atomoxetine (tomoxetine) | Strattera | ADD, ADHD, depression | 50-150mg (1.2-1.8mg/kg) | 5 hrs (5-24 hrs) CYP-2D6 | * tolyloxypropylamine: NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| befloxatone | N/A | depression | 10-40mg | N/A | * oxazolidinone: RIMA |
| benmoxine | Neuralex, Nerusil | depression, anger | 50-75mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| benztropine (benzatropine) | Cogentin, Akitan, Cogentinol | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, antispasmodic | 0.5-6.0mg | N/A | * methanesulfonate: anticholinergic ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| bethanechol | Urecholine | AD-induced urinary retention | 10-50mg dose / 3-4x per day | N/A | * esther: cholinergic ACh(m) agonist |
| binedaline | N/A | depression | 50-100mg (150mg max) | 5 hrs | * indole: NE reuptake inhibition |
| biperiden | Akineton | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, AD-induced sweating | 2-6mg | N/A hydroxylation | * piperidine: anticholinergic ACh(m) antagonist |
| brofaromine | Consonar | depression, social phobia | 50-150mg | 15 hrs CYP-1A2 | * piperidine: RIMA 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| bromazepam | Lexotan, Lectopam, Lexotanil | anxiolytic, muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, delerium tremens | 4.5-9mg (36mg max) | 19hrs hydroxylation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| bromocriptine | Parlodel, Ergoset | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly | 2.5-40mg | 2-8 hrs | * ergot alkaloid: DA2 agonist |
| buprenorphine | Temgesic, Buprenex, Subutex | analgesic, depression, opioid dependence | 1.2-3.2mg | 2.2 hrs (1.2-7.2 hrs) | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) partial agonist opioid(kappa) antagonist |
| bupropion | Wellbutrin, Zyban | depression, smoking cessation, ADD, ADHD, AD sexual side-effects | 75-300mg (450mg max) | 21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2B6 | * monocyclic aminoketone: DA reuptake inhibition + NE increase ACh(n) antagonist |
| buspirone | Buspar | anxiety, GAD, IBS, AD Augment | 20-30mg (60mg max) | 2-3 hrs CYP-3A4 | * azapirone: 5-HT1a full agonist (pre) 5-HT1a partial agonist (post) DA2 partial agonist * 1-PP metabolite: NE-alpha2 antagonist |
| butriptyline | Evadyne, Evadene, Centrolyse | depression | N/A | N/A | * TCA: NE reuptake inhibition 5- HT reuptake inhibition |
| cabergoline | Dostinex | Hyperprolactinemia, Parkinsons, Depression, RLS | 0.25-1.0mg Twice a week | 60 hrs hydrolysis | * ergoline: DA2 agonist 5-HT2b agonist |
| caffeine | Vivarin, Cafcit, No Doz, BL Stay Awake | stimulant, analeptic | 50-200mg | 3-4 hrs CYP-1A2 | * methylxanthine: adenosine antagonist cAMP PDE inhibition |
| calcium carbimide | Temposil, Abstem | alcoholism | 100-200mg | 1.5 hrs | * carbimide: acetaldehyde- deshydrogenase inhibition |
| carbamazepine | Tegretol, Epitol, Atretol, Carbatrol, Carbium, Teril, Sirtal, Telestin, Timonil | anticonvulsant, pain disorders, aggression | 600-1200mg | 12-17 hrs CYP-3A4 CYP-2C19 | * tricyclic iminostilbene: Na+ channel inhibition adenylyl cyclase inhibition |
| caroxazone | N/A | depression | N/A | 36 hrs | * benzoxazine: RIMA |
| carpipramine | Prazinil, Defekton | antipsychotic, drug detoxification | 50-400mg | N/A | * dibenzoazepine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist |
| cericlamine | N/A | depression | N/A | N/A | * dimethyloamine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| chloral hydrate | Aquachloral, Nortec | insomnia | 500 - 1000mg | 8-10 hrs | * trichloroethanol: CNS depressant: GABA-A increase |
| chlordiazepoxide | Librium, Libritabs, Tropium | anxiolytic, alcohol withdrawal, IBS | 10-40mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-3A | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| chlorpromazine | Thorazine, Chlomazine, Dormazine, Fenactil, Hibernal, Ormazine, Promaz, Prozil, Solidon, Sonazine, Taroctyl | antipsychotic, hiccups, nausea, porphyria | 75-200mg (900mg max) | 30 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-1A2 UGT-1A4 | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| chlorprothixene | Taractan, Chlorprothixen, Cloxan, Minithixen, Truxal, Truxaletten | antipsychotic | 300-600mg | N/A | * thioxanthene neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist |
| ciclazindol | N/A | depression, obesity | 100-150mg | 32 hrs | * tetrahydropyrimide: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition K+(ATP) channel inhibition |
| cimoxatone | N/A | depression | N/A | N/A | * oxazolidinone: RIMA |
| citalopram | Celexa, Cipramil, Seropram | depression | 20-60mg | 35 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| clobazam | Frisium, Mystan | epilepsy, anxiolytic | 20-60mg | 18-26 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| clomipramine | Anafranil, Clofranil, Clomifril, Clopress, Gromin, Hydiphen, Placil | depression, OCD | 50-250mg | 19-37 hrs CYP-1A2 | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA 5- HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| clonazepam | Klonopin, Rivotril | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome | anxiety: 0.5-4mg AC: 1.5-10mg (20mg max) | 30-40 hrs CYP-3A4 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT increase |
| clonidine | Catapres, Dixarit | hypertension, ADD, ADHD, anxiety, aggression, opioid withdrawal, motor tics, Tourette's, migraine | 0.2-0.6mg (2.4mg max) | 12-16 hrs | * imidazoline: NE-alpha2 agonist |
| clopenthixol | Clopixol | antipsychotic | 10-50mg (200mg max) | 20 hrs | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| clorazepate | Tranxene | anxiolytic, partial seizures, alcohol withdrawal | 15-60mg | 30-40 hrs (norclorazepate) | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| clorgyline | N/A | depression, ADD, ADHD | 5-15mg (30mg max) | N/A | * propargylamine: MAO-A inhibitor +++ |
| clovoxamine | N/A | depression | 100-300mg | N/A | * aminoethyloxime: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + |
| clozapine | Clozaril | antipsychotic, reduce TD, AD augmentor | 150-900mg | 12 hrs (4-66 hrs) | * dibenzodiazepine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + DA4 antagonist + 5-HT2a/b/c ++ 5-HT6/7 + NE- alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist +++ Ach(m) antagonist +++ |
| cocaine | N/A | topical anesthetic (oral, laryngeal and nasal cavities) | N/A | 30-90 minutes CYP-3A4 | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition ++ NE reuptake inhibition + |
| cyproheptadine | Periactin, Dronactin, Cipractin, Nuran, Oractin, Periactinol | allergy, pruritis, urticaria, AD sexual side-effects, appetite stimulant, migraine | 4-20mg (32mg max) | 1-4 hrs renal excretion | * dibenzocycloheptene: 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT2c antagonist ++ H1 antagonist +++ H4 antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| dapoxetine | N/A | depression, premature ejaculation | N/A | N/A | * benzenemethanamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| demexiptiline | Tinoran, Deparon | depression | 50-75mg | 35 hrs desmethylation | * dibenzocycloheptene: NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh antagonist |
| l-deprenyl (selegiline) | Eldepryl, Carbex, Jumex, Emsam | Parkinsons, depression, dementia, neuroprotective | 5-30mg (60mg max) 6mg/24hr patch 9mg/24hr patch 12mg/24hr patch | 2-10 hrs 18-25hr patches CYP-2C19 CYP-2B6 | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| deramciclane | N/A | anxiolytic | 30-50mg | 25 hrs | * trimethyl-bicycloheptane: 5-HT2a antagonist 5-HT2c inverse agonist |
| desipramine | Norpramin, Pertrofane, Metylyl, Nortimil, Pertofrane, Pertofrin, Sertofren | depression, ADD, ADHD, bulimia, IBS, pain disorders | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzazepine: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| dexmethylphenidate | Focalin | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 5-20mg | N/A | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine) | Dexedrine, DextroStat | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| diazepam | Valium, Dizac | anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures, status epilepticus, athetosus, tetanus, alcohol withdrawal, surgical sedation | 10-40mg | 20 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A4 | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| dibenzepine | Noveril, Ecotril, Victoril | depression | 240-480mg | N/A | * dibenzepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + |
| dihydroergocryptine (DHEC) | Almirid, Hydergine (includes ergoloid mesylates) | nootropic, cerebrovascular insufficiency, dementia, neuroprotection, migraine | Almirid: 10-40mg Hydergine: 1-3mg | 2.6-5.1 hrs | * ergot alkaloid: DA agonist NE- alpha antagonist MAOI |
| diphenhydramine | Benadryl | allergy, sedative, Parkinsonism, AP-induced EPS | 75-200mg | 2.4-9.3 hrs | * ethanolamine: antihistamine H1 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| disulfiram | Antabuse, Alcophobin, Anticol, Aversan, Etiltox | alcoholism | 125-500mg | 54-72 hrs renal clearance | * diethylthiocarbamoyl: acetaldehyde-deshydrogenase inhibition |
| divalproex sodium | Depakote, Epival, Elvetium, Everiden, Novoseven, Valcote, Valnar | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| donepezil | Aricept | Alzheimer's, enhance memory and cognition | 5-10mg | 70 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * piperidine: cholinergic ACh acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
| dothiepin (dosulepin) | Prothiaden, Arpin, Idom | depression | 50-225mg | 22 hrs (11-30 hrs) CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 | * dibenzothiepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| dosulepin (dothiepin) | Prothiaden, Arpin, Idom | depression | 50-225mg | 22 hrs (11-30 hrs) CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 | * dibenzothiepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| doxepin | Sinequan, Adapin, Aponal, Poldoxin, Quitaxon, Desidox, Doneurin, Doxal, Doxedyn | depression, anxiety, | 75-150mg (300mg max) | 8-24 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzoxepin: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist +++ H2 antagonist +++ NE- alpha1 antagonist |
| droperidol | Inapsine | antipsychotic, antiemetic | injectable | 2 hrs | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist |
| duloxetine | Cymbalta | depression | 40-120mg | 10-15 hrs | * thiophenepropanamine: SNRI NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ |
| entacapone | Comtan, Comtess | Parkinsons | 400-1600mg | 1 hr glucuronidation | * nitrocatechol: COMT inhibition |
| escitalopram | Lexapro, Cipralex | depression, panic disorder | 10-30mg | 27-32 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| estazolam | Prosom, Deprinocte, Domnamid, Esilgan, Kainever, Nuctalon | insomnia | 1-2mg | 10-24 hrs CYP-3A4 | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| eszopiclone | Lunesta, Estorra | insomnia | 2-3mg | 6 hrs CYP3A4 CYP2E1 | * cyclopyrrolone: BZD GABA receptor agonist |
| ethopropazine (profenamine) | Pardidol, Parsidol, Parsitan, Dibutil, Lysivane, Rodipal | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS | 100-600mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: ACh(m) antagonist |
| ethosuximide | Zarontin | anticonvulsant | 1000-1500mg | 30-50 hrs CYP-3A4 | * succinimide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca+2 channel inhibition |
| etoperidone | N/A | depression | 150mg | 21 hrs CYP-3A4 | * phenylpiperazine: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT1a antagonist 5-HT2a/c antagonist |
| etryptamine | Monase | depression | N/A | N/A | * ndolalkylamine: MAOI |
| femoxetine | N/A | depression, obesity, migraine, narcolepsy | 400-600mg | N/A | * methylpiperidine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| felbamate | Felbatol | epilepsy, biopolar disorder | 600-2400mg (3600mg max) | 20-23 hrs CYP-2E1 CYP-2C19 (inhibitor) | * phenylpropanediol: NMDA antagonist |
| fengabine | N/A | depression | 900-1800mg | N/A | * benzylidene: GABA increase |
| flerobuterol | N/A | depression | N/A | N/A | * butylamino ethanol: NE-beta agonist 5-HT increase |
| flesinoxan | N/A | depression, anxiety | 0.6-2.4mg | N/A | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT1a agonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| flibanserin | Ectris | depression | 50-200mg | 5.0-6.5 hrs | * benzimidazol: 5-HT1a agonist 5- HT2a antagonist |
| flunitrazepam | Rohypnol, Hipnosedon | anxiolytic, hypnotic | 0.5-2.0mg (3.0mg max) | 22 hrs (16-35 hrs) CYP-3A UGT-UB7 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| fluoxetine | Prozac, Sarafem, Lovan, Prodep, Deproxin, Fluoxac, Fluoxil, Zactin | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| fluparoxan | N/A | depression | N/A | N/A | * benzodioxino: NE-alpha2 antagonist +++ 5-HT1a partial agonist + |
| flupenthixol | Fluanxol, Depixol | antipsychotic | 3-6mg (12mg max) | 14-17 days (injectable) | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ |
| fluphenazine | Prolixin, Modecate, Permitil | antipsychotic | 2.5-20.0mg (40mg max) | 4-14 days (injectable) CYP-2D6 P-gp | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist ++ DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist + |
| flurazepam | Dalmane | insomnia | 15-30mg | 2-3 hrs (N-desalkylflurazepam: 80 hrs) CYP-3A4 | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| fluvoxamine | Luvox, Floxyfral | OCD, depression | 100-300mg | 15.6 hrs CYP-2C9 CYP-3A4 (inhibitor) | * valerophenone: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| gabapentin | Neurontin | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, pain disorders, migraine | 600-2400mg (5400mg max) | 5-7 hrs renal excretion | * cyclohexonacetic acid: GABA increase Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| galantamine | Reminyl, Nivalin | Alzheimer's | 8-16mg (24mg max) | 7 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 glucuronidation | * tertiary alkaloid: cholinergic ACh acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ACh(n) agonist |
| gepirone | Ariza, Variza | depression, anxiety | 10-90mg | 1-2 hrs CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (metabolite) | * azapirone: 5-HT1a full agonist (pre) 5-HT1a partial agonist (post) NE-alpha2 antagonist (1-PP metabolite) |
| GHB (oxybate) | Xyrem, Somsanit | narcoleptic cataplexy, anesthesia, insomnia, stroke | 6-9grams | 0.5-1.0 hrs tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle) | * gamma hydroxybutyrate GABA-B agonist GABA increase |
| halazepam | Paxipam, Alapryl, Pacinone | anxiolytic | 60-160mg | oxidation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| haloperidol | Haldol | antipsychotic, Tourette's syndrome | 2-20mg (40mg max) | 18-25 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) glucuronidation | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3/4 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a + NE-alpha1 ++ |
| hydroxyzine | Atarax, Vistaril | allergy, sedative | 50-100mg | 20 hrs | * piperazine: antihistamine H1 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| idazoxan | N/A | depression | 40-120mg | 4 hrs | * imidazoline: NE-alpha2 antagonist |
| igmesine | N/A | depression | 200mg | N/A | * diphenylamine: sigma1 agonist NMDA antagonist |
| iloperidone | Fanapt, Zomaril | antipsychotic | 6-12mg | 25 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4. | * piperidinyl-benzisoxazole: DA(2,3) antagonist++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist + NE-alpha1 + |
| imipramine | Tofranil, Janimine, Antideprin, Ethipramine, Imavate, Melipramine, Mipralin, Pryleugan, Sedacoroxen, Venefon | depression, ADD, ADHD, IBS | 75-300mg | 19 hrs (8-20 hrs) | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| indalpine | Upstene | depression, anxiety | 100-150mg | 10 hrs | * indole: 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| indeloxazine | Elen | depression, Alzheimer's, hypoxia, nootropic | 40-120mg | N/A | * morpholine: NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition 5-HT release ACh release |
| incazane | N/A | depression | 150-300mg | N/A | * RIMA |
| iprindole | N/A | depression | 90mg | N/A | * tricyclic 5-HT2 antagonist + aromatic hydroxylase inhibition |
| iproniazid | Iprozid, Ipronid, Marsilid, Rivivol, Propilniazida | tuberculosis, depression | 50-150mg | 2-3 hrs | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| iproclozide | Sursum | depression, hypertension | 10-30mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| ipsapirone | N/A | depression, anxiety | 10mg | 2-5 hrs CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (metabolite) | * azapirone: 5-HT1a full agonist (pre) 5-HT1a partial agonist (post) * 1-PP metabolite: NE-alpha2 antagonist |
| isocarboxazid | Marplan, Enerzer, Marplon | depression | 30-80mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| isradipine | Dynacirc, Lomir, Icaz | hypertension, bipolar disorder, depression | 5-10mg (20mg max) | 8 hrs CYP-3A4 | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| ketanserin | Sufrexal, Aseranox, Ketensin, Ketenserina, Perketan, Serepress, Sparfloxacine | hypertension, preeclampsia, Raynaud's | 60-120mg (160mg max) | 15 hrs | * quinazolinedione: NMDA antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| ketazolam | Anxon | anxiolytic, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal | 15-60mg (120mg max) | 2 hrs | * benzodiazepine BZD agonist |
| L-dopa (levodopa) | Larodopa, Dopar, Sinemet (carbidopa/l-dopa) | Parkinsons, depression | 2-8grams | 1-2 hrs | * catecholamine: DA increase |
| L-methylfolate | Deplin | depression, low serum folate | 7.5mg | 6-8 hrs | * folate: DA, NE, 5-HT increase |
| lamotrigine | Lamictal | anticonvulsant, depression, bipolar disorder | 50-500mg | 25 hrs (48 hrs with valproate) (12 hrs with carbamazepine) UGT-1A4 | * phenyltriazine: Na+ channel inhibition GLU release inhibition Ca2+(N) channel inhibition Ca2+(P) channel inhibition |
| levetiracetam | Keppra | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 1000-3000mg (5000mg max) | 6-8 hrs | * pyrrolidine: Ca2+(N) channel inhibition |
| levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) | Levoprome, Nozinan, Neurocil, Veractil, Sinogan | antipsychotic, migraine, surgical sedation, pain disorders | 50-200mg (500mg max) | 15-30 hrsCYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 (inhibitor) | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| levoprotiline | N/A | depression | 100-200mg | 18 hrs | * tetracyclic: NE reuptake inhibition |
| liothyronine (T3) (also triiodothyronine) | Cytomel | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 25-100mcg | 1-2 days | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| lithium | Eskalith, Lithobid, Carbolith, Carbolithium, Contemnol, Duralith, Hypnorex, Lentolith, Liskonum, Litarex, Lithane, Lithicarb, Lithizine, Maniprex, Milithin, Neurolepsin, Neurolithium, Phasal, Quilonorm, Teralithe | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| litoxetine | N/A | depression | 10-25mg | N/A | * 5-HT reuptake inhibition 5-HT3 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| lofepramine | Emdalen, Gamanil, Lomont, Tymelyt | depression | 70 - 210mg | 4-6 hrs CYP-2D6 | * TCA: NE reuptake inhibition |
| lorazepam | Ativan, Alzapam, Almazine, Durazolam, Loraz, Tavor, Temesta | anxiolytic, insomnia | 2-10mg | 9-24 hrs UGT-UB7 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| loprazolam | Dormonoct, Havlane, Sonan | insomnia | 1-2mg | 8 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| lormetazepam | Noctomid, Noctamide, Ergocalm, | insomnia | 1-2mg | 10 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| loxapine | Loxitane, Loxapac, Desconex | antipsychotic | 60-100mg (250mg max) | 3 hrs 20-30 hrs (active metabolite) UGT-1A4 glucuronidation | * dibenzoxazepine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| lurasidone | Latuda | antipsychotic, depression | 40-80mg (120mg max) | 18 hrs aldeyde oxidase CYP-3A4 | * benzoisothiazol DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT1d antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT7 antagonist +++ |
| maprotiline | Ludiomil, Aneural, Retinyl, Deprilept, Maludil, Melodil | depression, lumbago | 75-150mg | 27-58 hrs CYP-2D6 | * tetracyclic: NE reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| mazindol | Mazanor, Sanorex, Sanjorex, Teronac | obesity, EDS, depression | 1-3mg | 12 hrs | * imidazoline: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| mebanazine | Actomol | depression | N/A | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| mecamylamine | Inversine, Mevasine, Prexion | hypertension, Tourette's, ADD, ADHD, smoking cessation, bipolar disorder | 5-25mg | renal excretion | * amine ACh(n) antagonist |
| medazepam | Nobrium, Rusedal | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle-relaxant | 10-30mg | 2-5 hrs 1-15 hrs (biphasic) | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| medifoxamine | Cledial, Gerdasyl | depression | 100-150mg | 1 hr | * amine DA reuptake inhibition 5- HT2a antagonist 5-HT2c antagonist |
| mefexamide | Timodyne, Perneuron | depression, asthenia | 300-600mg | 4-6 hrs | psychostimulant |
| melitracen | Dixoran, Melixeran, Trausabun | depression, analeptic | 75-225mg | N/A | * TCA: |
| melperone | Buronil, Eunerpan | antipsychotic | 100mg | N/A | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist |
| memantine | Namenda, Axura, Akatinol, Ebixa, Neuroplus | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, pain disorders, neuroprotective | 20-40mg | 60-80 hrs | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist |
| meprobamate | Miltown, Equanil, Meprotabs, Meprospan, Meptran, Novalm, Pertranquil, Promate, Vio-Bamate | anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic | 1200-1600mg (2400 max) | 6-17 hrs glucuronide conjugation | * carbamate: CNS depressant |
| mesoridazine | Serentil, Lidanil | antipsychotic, alcoholism, chronic brain syndrome: | 100-400mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-2D6 | * piperidine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| metaclazepam | Talis | anxiolytic | 5-20mg | N/A | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| metapramine | Timaxil | depression | 150-450mg | 7 hrs desmethylation | * dibenzoazepine: NE synthesis NE release NMDA antagonist |
| methadone | Dolophine, Physeptone, Methadose, Physeptone | opioid dependence, analgesic | 15-40mg | 28-35 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-3A UGT-UB7 | * diphenylheptane: opioid: opioid(mu) agonist |
| methamphetamine | Desoxyn, Methampex, Methedrine, Pervitin, Temmler | ADD, ADHD, obesity | 10-25mg | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: 5-HT release +++ NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| methotrimeprazine (levomepromazine) | Levoprome, Nozinan, Neurocil, Veractil, Sinogan | antipsychotic, anxiolytic, sedative, antiemetic, analgesic | anxiolytic: 10-25mg AP: 50-200mg (500 max) | 15-30 hrs CYP-2D6 | * phenothiazine: DA antagonist NE-alpha antagonist H1 antagonist |
| methylphenidate | Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, Methylin, Methylphen | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 20-30mg (60mg max) | 2.9 hrs | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| mexiletine | Mexitil | antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, pain disorders, | 300-1200mg | 10 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-1A2 inhibitor | * ethylamine: Na+ channel inhibitor |
| mianserin | Athymil, Bolvidon, Norval, Tolvin | depression | 30-90mg | 10-17 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-1A2 (inhibitor) UGT-1A4 | * tetracyclic: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| midazolam | Versed, Dormicum, Hypnovel | preoperative sedation | 5mg injectable | 2.9-4.5 hrs CYP-3A4 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| mifepristone (RU-486) | Mifeprex, Corlux | terminate pregnancy, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression | 600-1200mg | 18 hrs CYP-3A4 | * proponyl-estra-diene cortisol receptor antagonist progesterone receptor antagonist |
| milnacipran | Ixel, Toledomin | depression | 50-200mg | 8 hrs glucuronidation renal excretion | * cyclopropane: NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| minaprine | Cantor | depression, nootropic | 100-250mg | 2-3 hrs | * phenylpyridazine: DA increase ACh increase ACh(m) agonist 5-HT2b antagonist PKC activation |
| mirtazapine | Remeron, Norset, Zipsin | depression | 15 - 45mg (75mg max) | 20-40 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A | * piperazinoazepine: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist 5-HT3 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| moclobemide | Aurorix, Manerix, Moclamine | depression, social phobia | 150 - 600mg (1200 max) | 1-2 hrs CYP-2C19 | * benzamide: RIMA |
| modafinil | Provigil, Alertec, Modiodal | narcolepsy, EDS, depression | 200-400mg | 15 hrs hydrolysis | * diphenyl methylsulfinyl: GLU release GABA decrease hypocretin (orexin)agonist |
| molindone | Moban, Lindone | antipsychotic | 20-225mg | 1.5 hrs | * dihydroindolone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist ++ |
| nalmefene | Revex, Cervene | opioid overdose, opioid dependence, alcohol dependence, OCD, SI | 20-80mg | 7-10 hrs UGT-UB7 | * morphinane: opioid(mu) antagonist +++ opioid(kappa) antagonist +++ opioid(delta) antagonist ++ |
| naltrexone | Revia, Trexan | opioid overdose, opioid dependence, alcohol dependence, OCD, SI, depression | 50-100mg | 4 hrs (6-(beta)-naltrexol 13 hrs) UGT-UB7 | * morphinane: opioid(mu) antagonist +++ opioid(kappa) antagonist + |
| nefazodone | Serzone, Dutonin, Nefadar | depression | 300-600mg | 2-4 hrs CYP-3A (mCPP 4-8 hrs CYP-2D6) | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| nemifitide | N/A | depression | 18mg | N/A | * pentapeptide: |
| nialamide | Niamid | depression | 150-200mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| nifedipine | Procardia, Adalat | antihypertensitive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis, angina, migraine, bipolar disorder | 30-120mg (180 max) | 2 hrs CYP-3A (inhibitor) | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| nimodipine | Nimotop, Admon, Bloquel, Norton, Oxigen, Periplum, Regental, Vasoactin | cerebral ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, bipolar disorder | 180-360mg | 8-9 hrs CYP-3A | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| nisoxetine | N/A | depression | 20-40mg | N/A | * methylpropylamine: NE reuptake inhibition ++ |
| nitrazepam | Mogadon, Benzolin, Eunoctin, Imeson, Insomin, Somnased, Somnite, Sonebon, | insomnia | 2.5 - 10mg | 23 hrs (18-28 hrs) CYP-3A CYP-2D6 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| nitroxazepine | Sintamil | depression, nocturnal enuresis | 75-225mg | N/A | * TCA |
| nomifensine | Merital, Alival | depression | 100-200mg | 2 hrs | * tetrahydroisoquinoline: DA reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ |
| nortriptyline | Pamelor, Aventyl | depression, pain disorders | 20 hrs (18-90 hrs) CYP-2D6 | 50-100mg (150mg max) blood level: 50-150 ng/mL | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| noxiptiline | Nogedal | depression | 25-200mg | N/A | * dibenzocycloheptene: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| olanzapine | Zyprexa, Lanzac | antipsychotic, mania, mood stabilizer, depression, reduce TD | 5-15mg (20mg max) | 30 hrs (21-54 hrs) CYP-1A2 UGT-1A4 glucuronidation | * thienobenzodiazepine: neuroleptic: DA2 antagonist + DA1 antagonist + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist + ACh(m) antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| omega-3 fatty acids | OmegaBrite, Fisol | bipolar disorder | 2-10g | N/A | * phospholipid: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) enhances membrane integrity PKC inhibition G-Protein transduction decrease |
| ondansetron | Zofran, Zophren | antiemetic | 8-16mg22 | 2.9-4.5 hrs CYP-3A4 | * imidazole: 5-HT3 antagonist |
| opipramol | Insidon, Oprimol | depression | 150-300mg | N/A | * dibenzoazepine: TCA sigma antagonist +++ 5-HT2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| oxaflozane | Conflictan | depression | 15-30mg | 5 hrs | * morpholine: 5-HT increase |
| oxaprotiline | N/A | depression | 100-200mg | 23-29 hrs | * tetracyclic: NE reuptake inhibition |
| oxazepam | Serax, Adumbran, Alepam, Murelax, Serepax, Seresta, Vaben | anxiolytic, alchohol withdrawal | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 8 hrs (5.7-10.9 hrs) UGT-UB7 (inhibitor) | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| oxcarbazepine | Trileptal | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, pain disorder | 1200-2400mg | 2 hrs 9 hrs MHD (active) | * tricyclic iminostilbene: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+ channel inhibition |
| oxitriptan (5-HTP) | Levotonine, Pretonine, Serotonyl, Triptene | depression | 150-250mg | 4 hrs | * 5-hydroxytryptophan: 5-HT precursor |
| oxybate (GHB) | Xyrem, Somsanit | narcoleptic cataplexy, anesthesia, insomnia, stroke | 6-9grams | 0.5-1.0 hrs tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle) | * gamma hydroxybutyrate GABA-B agonist GABA increase |
| oxycodone | Oxycontin, Ducodal, Eubine, Eucodal, Eukodal, Pancodine, Percolone, Roxicodone, Roxilox | analgesic, depression | 60-180mg (10-30mg every 4 hours) | 3-5 hrs CYP-2D6 UGT-2B7 | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) agonist |
| pagoclone | N/A | anxiolytic, GAD, panic disorder | 0.15-0.60mg | N/A | * cyclopyrrolone: GABA-A partial agonist/modulator |
| paliperidone | Invega | antipsychotic, schizophrenia | 6mg (3-9mg) | 23 hours CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * benzisoxazole: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2A antagonist NE alpha-1 antagonist NE alpha-2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| pargyline | Eutonyl, Eudatine, Tenalin | depression, hypertension | 90mg | N/A | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| paroxetine | Paxil, Seroxat, Aropax, Deroxat | depression, OCD, GAD, social anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder | 20-60mg | 15-21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenylpiperidine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| pemoline | Cylert, Deltamine, Kethamed, Ronyl, Sigmadyn, Stimul, Stimuzol, Tradon, Volital | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, depression | 56.25-75mg (112.5mg max) | 12 hrs | * oxazolidinedione: DA increase |
| pergolide | Permax, Celance | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia | 0.25-5mg | CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * ergot alkaloid: DA1 agonist DA2 agonist 5-HT2b agonist |
| perphenazine | Trilafon, Avomit, Decetan, Fentazin, Mutabon | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 4-16mg (64mg max) | 8-12 hrs | * piperazinyl phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| phenelzine | Nardil, Stinerval, Monofen, Fenelzin, Kalgan, Nardelzine | depression, social anxiety, GAD, panic disorder, OCD | 30-60mg (90 mg max) | 12 hrs | * hydrazine: MAOI GABA transaminase inhibition |
| phenoxypropazine | Drazine | depression | N/A | N/A | * MAOI |
| phentermine | Adipex, Banobese, Fastin, Ionamin, Zantryl | obesity, depression | 20-30mg | 20 hrs (7-20 hrs) | * phenethylamine: NE release ++ DA release + |
| phentolamine | Regitine | antihypertensive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis, Raynaud Syndrome | 5mg injectable | 19 min | * imidazoline: NE alpha antagonist |
| phenytoin | Dilantin, Di-Hydan, Epanutin, Epilantin, Phenhydan, Zentropil | anticonvulsant, aggression, mood disorders | 300-600mg blood-level: 10-20 mcg/mL | 22 hrs (7-42 hrs) CYP-2C19 CYP-2C8/9 UGT-2B15 | * imidazolidinedione: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+ channel inhibition |
| pimozide | Orap, Antalon, Opiran, Pirium, Oralep | antipsychotic, Tourette's | 2-12mg (20mg max) | 110 hrs CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * diphenylbutylpiperidine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist Ca2+(T) channel inhibitor |
| pinazepam | Domar | anxiolytic | 10mg | N/A | * propargylic: benzodiazepine BZD agonist |
| pindolol | Visken, Durapindol, Pectobloc Pinbetol, | hypertension, angina, depression | 10-60mg | 8 hrs (7-15 hrs) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * aryloxypropanolamine: BB NE- beta antagonist 5-HT1a antagonist |
| pipamperone | Dipiperon, Piperonyl | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 20-160 (400mg max) | N/A | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| pipotiazine | Piportil | antipsychotic | 5-20mg | 11-12 hrs | * piperidine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist +++ |
| piracetam | Nootropil, Axonyl, Cerebrospan, Myocalm, Stimucortex, Normabrain | nootropic, Alzheimer's, cerebral ischemia, myoclonus | 1500-2500mg | 6-8 hrs | * pyrrolidine: membrane fluidity increase |
| piribedil | Trivastal | cerebral ischemia, Parkinsons, depression | 50-100mg | 2-7 hrs | * piperazine: DA agonist |
| pirlindole (pyrazidol) | N/A | depression | 150-300mg | N/A | * pyrazino carbazole: RIMA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| pivhydrazine | Neomarsilid, Tersavid | N/A | N/A | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| pramipexole | Mirapex, Sifrol | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia | 1.5-4.5mg | 8-12 hrs renal excretion | * benzthiazole: DA2 agonist ++ (pre > post) DA3 agonist +++ |
| prazepam | Centrax | anxiolytic, hypnotic | 5-30mg | 60 hrs glucuronoconjugation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| prazosin | Minipress, Alpress, Hypotens, Hypovase, Sinetens | antihypertensive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis | 6-20mg (40mg max) | 2-3 hrs demethylation conjugation | * quinazoline: NE alpha1 antagonist |
| pregabalin | Lyrica | anticonvulsant, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, pain disorders | 150-600mg | 6 hrs | * isobutylgaba: GABA increase Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| primidone | Mysoline | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 250-1000mg | 10 hrs CYP-2C19 | * pyrimidinedione: barbiturate CNS depressant |
| prochlorperazine | Compazine, Stemetil | antipsychotic, antiemetic, Ménière's Disease, labyrinthitis, vertigo | 10-20mg (40mg max) | 9 hrs | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ |
| procyclidine | Kemadren, Arpicoline, Osnervan, Procyclid | Parkinson's, AP-induced EPS | 10-30mg | 12 hrs | * pyrrolidinyl: ACh(m) antagonist |
| profenamine (ethopropazine) | Pardidol, Parsidol, Parsitan, Dibutil, Lysivane, Rodipal | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS | 100-600mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic ACh(m) antagonist |
| promazine | Sparine | antipsychotic, antiemetic, hiccups, alcoholic hallucinations | 50-1200mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| propranolol | Inderal | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, tremor, migraine, panic disorder, akathisia, pheochromocytoma | 40-240mg (640 max) | 4 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) UGT-2B7 UGT-1A9 | * aryloxypropanolamine: NE-beta antagonist |
| propizepine | Vagran | depression, parasympatholytic | 50-200mg | 8 hrs | * benzopyridodiazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| propoxyphene | Darvon, Dolene, Margesic, Propoxy | analgesic | 65-390mg | 6-12 hrs (norpropoxyphene 30-36 hrs) CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * diphenylbutanol: opioid opioid agonist |
| protriptyline | Vivactal, Triptil, Concordin, Concordine, Maximed | depression | 15-60mg | 55-198 hrs | * dibenzocycloheptene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| pyrazidole (pirlindole) | N/A | depression | 150-300mg 75-225mg | N/A | * pyrazino carbazole: RIMA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| pyrovalerone | Centroton, Thymergix | psychostimulant, depression | 20-80mg | 1 hr | * pyrrolidine: DA reuptake inhibition |
| quazepam | Doral, Dormalin, Prosedar, Quazium, Selepam, Temodal | insomnia | 7.5-15mg (30mg max) | 39 hrs | * trifluoroethyl benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| quetiapine | Seroquel | antipsychotic | 300-500mg (800mg max) | 6 hrs CYP-3A glucuronidation | * dibenzothiazepine: neuroleptic: DA2 antagonist + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist + sigma antagonist |
| quinupramine | Kinupril, Adeprim, Kevopril, | depression | 2.5-15mg | 9 hrs | * dibenzoazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh(m) antagonist |
| ramelteon | Rozerem | insomnia | 16-64mg | N/A | * tricyclic indan analogue: melatonin M1 receptor agonist +++ melatonin M2 receptor agonist +++ |
| rasagiline | Azilect | Parkinsons, depression, Alzheimer's | 0.5-1.0mg | 3 hrs CYP-1A2 glucoronidation | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition +++ |
| reboxetine | Edronax, Vestra | depression | 4-12mg | 12 hrs CYP-3A | * benzyl morpholine NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| remoxipride | Roxiam | antipsychotic | 50-150mg | 4-6 hrs CYP-2D6 | * substituted benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + sigma antagonist +++ |
| riluzole | Rilutek | ALS, depression, bipolar disorder | 100mg | 12 hrs CYP-1A2 | * benzothiazole: glutamate release inhibitor Na+ channel inhibition |
| risperidone | Risperdal, Risperidal, Belivon, Risperin, Rispolept, Rispolin | antipsychotic, depression | AP: 4-16mg AD: 0.5mg-2mg | RM: 3 hrs SM: 20 hrs CYP-3A P-gp | * benzisoxazole: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist +++ NE-alpha(1,2) antagonist ++ H1 antagonist + |
| ritanserin | Tisterton | sleep architecture (increase slow-wave; decrease REM), depression (AD augmentation), dysthymia, schizophrenia (AP augmentation), AP-induced EPS | 5-10mg (30mg max) | 39 hrs (20-60 hrs) | * thiazolopyrimidine: 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT2b antagonist +++ 5-HT2c antagonist +++ |
| rolipram | N/A | depression, multiple sclerosis, AIDS | 0.75-1.5mg | 12 hrs | * pyrrolidinone: cAMP PDE-IV inhibition TNF release inhibition |
| ropinirole | Requip | Parkinsons, depression, RLS | 0.75-3.0mg | 6 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * dipropylamine: DA3 agonist ++ DA2 agonist + |
| roxindole | N/A | depression | 7.5-30mg | N/A | * tetrahydropyridine: DA2 agonist + (pre > post) DA3 agonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| safrazine | Safra | depression, social anxiety, GAD, OCD | 5mg | N/A | * pyrimidine: MAOI |
| selegiline (l-deprenyl) | Eldepryl, Emsam, Jumex, Carbex, Eldeprine, Atapryl, Jumexal, Lesotal, Movergan | Parkinsons, depression, Alzheimer's | 5-30mg (60mg max) 6mg/24hr patch 9mg/24hr patch 12mg/24hr patch | 2-10 hrs 18-25hr patches CYP-2C19 CYP-2B6 | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| sertindole | Serlect, Serdolect | antipsychotic | 20-24mg | 60-73 hrs | * imidazolidinone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a/c antagonist +++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ |
| sertraline | Zoloft, Lustral | depression, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder | 50-200mg | 26 hrs CYP-2C19 (inhibitor) CYP-2D6 CYP-2B6 | * naphtalamine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| sibutramine | Meridia, Reductil | obesity, depression | 5-15mg | 1-2 hrs CYP-3A metabolites: 15 hrs | * dimethylamine+ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| sodium valproate | Depacon, Epilim, Valpro | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| sulpiride | Sulparex, Dogmatil, Dolmatil, Valirem | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-2400mg AD: 50-200mg | 8 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + (pre > post) DA3/4 antagonist ++ |
| tandospirone | N/A | depression, anxiolytic | N/A | N/A | * azapirone: 5-HT1a partial agonist |
| talipexole | N/A | Parkinsons, depression, PTSD | N/A | N/A | * D2 agonist NE alpha2 agonist |
| temazepam | Restoril | insomnia | 10 - 20mg | 8 hrs CYP-2B6 CYP-3A UGT-2B7 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| tetrindole | N/A | depression | 150-300mg | N/A | * pyrazino-indole tetracyclic: RIMA Ca2+ channel inhibition |
| thioridazine | Mellaril | antipsychotic | 30-200mg (800mg max) | 7-9 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| thiothixene | Navane | antipsychotic | 15-30mg (60 max) | 34 hrs CYP-1A2 | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| thyroxine (T4) | Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 100-400mcg | 6-7 days glucuronoconjugation | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| tiagabine | Gabitril | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 32-56mg | 7-9 hrs CYP-3A | * piperidine: GABA reuptake inhibition |
| tianeptine | Ardix, Stablon | depression | 25-50mg | 2-3 hrs b-oxidation n-desmethylation | * dibenzothiazepine: 5-HT reuptake accelerator |
| tiospirone | N/A | antipsychotic | 50-75mg | N/A | * neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a/c antagonist +++ sigma ligand |
| tolcapone | Tasmar | Parkinsons, depression | 200-600mg | 3 hrs glucuronidation | * nitrobenzophenone: COMT inhibition |
| toloxatone | Humoryl, Perenum | depression | 600mg | 1-2 hrs | * oxazolidinone: RIMA |
| tomoxetine (atomoxetine) | Strattera | ADD, ADHD, depression | 50-150mg (1.2-1.8mg/kg) | 5 hrs (5-24 hrs) CYP-2D6 | * tolyloxypropylamine: NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| topiramate | Topamax | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 200-400mg (1600 max) | 21 hrs glucuronidation CYP-2C19 | * monosaccharide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(L) channel inhibition GABA-A receptor enhancement GLU antagonist |
| tramadol | Ultram, Contramal, Topalgic, Zamudol, Zumalgic | analgesic | 100-400mg | 6-8 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A glucuronidation | * opioid: opioid(mu) agonist NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT reuptake inhibition + |
| tranylcypromine | Parnate, Parmodalin, Sicoton, Transamin, Transapin, Tylciprine | depression | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 2 hrs CYP-2C19 (inhibitor only) | * cyclopropylamine: MAOI |
| trazodone | Desyrel, Molipaxin, Pragmarel, Thombran, Trazodil, Trazolan, Trittico | depression, insomnia | AD: 100-600mg hypnotic: 25-150mg | 5-9 hrs CYP-3A mCPP: CYP-2D6 | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| triazolam | Halcion, Songar, Triazoral, Alpralid | insomnia | 0.125-0.5mg | 3 hrs (1.5-5.5) CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| trifluoperazine | Stelazine, Terfluzine, Stalabid, Eskazinyl, Jatroneural, Sedizine | antipsychotic, anxiolytic | 4-20mg (40 max) | 10-14 hrs UGT-1A4 | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| trifluopromazine | Vesprin, Psyquil, Psiquil, Siquil, Vesprin | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 25-200mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| trihexyphenidyl | Artane | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, antispasmodic | 1.5-15.0mg | 8-10 hrs | * ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| triiodothyronine (T3) (also liothyronine) | Cytomel | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 25-100mcg | 1-2 days | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| trimipramine | Surmontil, Rhotrimine | depression | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 24 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A CYP-2C19 | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist Ca2+ channel inhibition ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| valproate | Depakote, Epival, Elvetium, Everiden, Novoseven, Valcote, Valnar | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| valproic acid | Depakene, Convulex, Depakine, Depalept, Epilim, Ergenyl, Leptilan, Orfiril, Valporal | anticonvulsant | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| venlafaxine | Effexor, Efexor, Trevilor, Vandral, Dobupal | depression, anxiety disorders, GAD, ADD, ADHD, OCD, fibromyalgia | 75-300mg (600mg max) | 5-7 hrs CYP-2D6 | * cyclohexanol: SNRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| verapamil | Calan, Isoptin, Azupamil, Cardibeltin, Civicor, Cordilox, Durasoptin, Veramex, Verelen | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, bipolar disorder | 240-480mg | 5-12 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * valeronitrile: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| vigabatrin | Sabril | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 2000-4000mg | 5-8 hrs | * gamma-vinyl-GABA: GABA increase GABA transaminase inhibition |
| vilazodone | Viibryd | depression | 40mg | 25 hrs CYP-3A4 | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibitor 5-HT1a partial agonist |
| viloxazine | Vivalan, Catatrol | depression, narcolepsy, cataplexy | 15-30mg | 2-5 hrs | * morpholine: NE reuptake inhibitor +++ |
| viqualine | N/A | depression, alcohol dependency | 100-200mg | 12 hrs | * quinoline: 5-HT reuptake inhibition 5-HT release |
| yohimbine | Aphrodyne, Procomil, Procamil, Yocon | sympathicolytic, myDA reuptake inhibitionatic, penile dysfunction, depression | 8.1-16.2mg | 30-60 minutes CYP-2D6 | * indole alkaloid: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT1a agonist 5-HT1b/d antagonist DA increase NE increase 5-HT decreased |
| zaleplon | Sonata | insomnia | 5-20mg | 1.5 hrs CYP-3A aldehyde oxidase | * pyrazolopyrimidine: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| zimeldine | Zelmid | depression, migraine, obesity | 75-300mg | 8 hrs | * dimethylallylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| ziprasidone | Geodon, Zeldox | antipsychotic, depression | 40-160mg (200mg max) | 7 hrs aldeyde oxidase | * neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ DA3 antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT1d antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist +++ NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| zolpidem | Ambien, Stilnox | insomnia | 5 - 10mg | 2.6 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A CYP-2C8/9 | * imidazopyridine: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| zonisamide | Zonegran | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 100-600mg | 50-70 hrs CYP-3A glucuronidation | * sulfonamide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition DA increase |
| zopiclone | Imovane, Rhovane, Zimovane | insomnia | 3.75-7.5mg | 5 hrs CYP-2C8/9 CYP-3A | * cyclopyrrolone: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| zotepine | Zoleptil | antipsychotic | 100-300mg | N/A | * neuroleptic DA antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist |
| zuclopenthixol | Clopixol | antipsychotic | 10-50mg (200mg max) | 20 hrs | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Trade Name | Generic Name | Usage | Dosage | Half-Life Metabolism | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abilify | aripiprazole | antipsychotic, depression, mania | 15-30mg | 75 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * quinolinone: DSS DA2 partial agonist +++ DA3 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ |
| Abilitat | aripiprazole | antipsychotic, depression, mania | 15-30mg | 75 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * quinolinone: DSS DA2 partial agonist +++ DA3 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ |
| Abstem | calcium carbimide | alcoholism | 100-200mg | 1.5 hrs | * carbimide: acetaldehyde- deshydrogenase inhibition |
| Actomol | mebanazine | depression | N/A | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Adalat | nifedipine | antihypertensitive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis, angina, migraine, bipolar disorder | 30-120mg (180 max) | 2 hrs CYP-3A (inhibitor) | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Adapin | doxepin | depression, anxiety, | 75-150mg (300mg max) | 8-24 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzoxepin: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist +++ H2 antagonist +++ NE- alpha1 antagonist |
| Adderall | amphetamine (mixed salts) | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, depression | 5-40mg (60mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| Adipex | phentermine | obesity, depression | 20-30mg | 20 hrs (7-20 hrs) | * phenethylamine: NE release ++ DA release + |
| Akatinol | memantine | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, pain disorders, neuroprotective | 20-40mg | 60-80 hrs | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist |
| Akineton | biperiden | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, AD-induced sweating | 2-6mg | N/A hydroxylation | * piperidine: anticholinergic ACh(m) antagonist |
| Alertec | modafinil | narcolepsy, EDS, depression | 200-400mg | 15 hrs hydrolysis | * diphenyl methylsulfinyl: GLU release GABA decrease hypocretin (orexin)agonist |
| Alival | nomifensine | depression | 100-200mg | 2 hrs | * tetrahydroisoquinoline: DA reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ |
| Almazine | lorazepam | anxiolytic, insomnia | 2-10mg | 9-24 hrs UGT-UB7 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Almirid | dihydroergocryptine (DHEC) | nootropic, cerebrovascular insufficiency, dementia, neuroprotection, migraine | 10-40mg | 2.6-5.1 hrs | * ergot alkaloid: DA agonist NE- alpha antagonist MAOI |
| Ambien | zolpidem | insomnia | 5 - 10mg | 2.6 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A CYP-2C8/9 | * imidazopyridine: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Amitril | amitriptyline | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Anafranil | clomipramine | depression, OCD | 50-250mg | 19-37 hrs CYP-1A2 | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA 5- HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| Antabuse | disulfiram | alcoholism | 125-500mg | 54-72 hrs renal clearance | * acetaldehyde-deshydrogenase inhibition |
| Anxon | ketazolam | anxiolytic, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal | 15-60mg (120mg max) | 2 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Aotal | acamprosate | antidipsotropic, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, bipolar disorder | 1200-1800mg | 13-28 hrs renal excretion | * homotaurine: GLU release inhibitor GABAergic |
| Aphrodyne | yohimbine | sympathicolytic, myDA reuptake inhibitionatic, penile dysfunction, depression | 8.1-16.2mg | 30-60 minutes CYP-2D6 | * indole alkaloid: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT1a agonist 5-HT1b/d antagonist DA increase NE increase 5-HT decreased |
| Apotex | alprazolam | anxiety, GAD, panic disorder | 1.5-4.0mg (10mg max) | 11.2 hrs (6-26 hrs) CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT release |
| Aquachloral | chloral hydrate | insomnia | 500 - 1000mg | 8-10 hrs | * CNS depressant: GABA-A increase |
| Aricept | donepezil | Alzheimer's, enhance memory and cognition | 5-10mg | 70 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * piperidine: cholinergic ACh acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
| Ariza | gepirone | depression, anxiety | 10-90mg | 1-2 hrs CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (metabolite) | * azapirone: 5-HT1a full agonist (pre) 5-HT1a partial agonist (post) NE-alpha2 antagonist (1-PP metabolite) |
| Aropax | paroxetine | depression, OCD, GAD, social anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder | 20-60mg | 15-21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenylpiperidine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Arpin | dothiepin | depression | 50-225mg | 22 hrs (11-30 hrs) CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 | * dibenzothiepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| Artane | trihexyphenidyl | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, antispasmodic | 1.5-15.0mg | 8-10 hrs | * ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Asendin | amoxapine | depression (psychotic) | 200-400mg (600mg max) | 8 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzoxazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + DA antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist 5-HT3 antagonist |
| Aseranox | ketanserin | hypertension, preeclampsia, Raynaud's | 60-120mg (160mg max) | 15 hrs | * quinazolinedione: NMDA antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Atarax | hydroxyzine | allergy, sedative | 50-100mg | 20 hrs | * piperazine: antihistamine H1 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| Athymil | mianserin | depression | 30-90mg | 10-17 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-1A2 (inhibitor) UGT-1A4 | * tetracyclic: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Ativan | lorazepam | anxiolytic, insomnia | 2-10mg | 9-24 hrs UGT-UB7 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Aurorix | moclobemide | depression, social phobia | 150 - 600mg (1200 max) | 1-2 hrs CYP-2C19 | * benzamide: RIMA |
| Aventyl | nortriptyline | depression, pain disorders | 50-100mg (150mg max) blood level: 50-150 ng/mL | 20 hrs (18-90 hrs) CYP-2D6 | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| Axura | memantine | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, pain disorders, neuroprotective | 20-40mg | 60-80 hrs | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist |
| Azilect | rasagiline | Parkinsons, depression, Alzheimer's | 0.5-1.0mg | 3 hrs CYP-1A2 glucoronidation | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition +++ |
| Benadryl | diphenhydramine | allergy, sedative, Parkinsonism, AP-induced EPS | 75-200mg | 2.4-9.3 hrs | * ethanolamine: antihistamine H1 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| Benzadrine | amphetamine | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, depression, AD sexual side-effects | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| Biphetamine | amphetamine (mixed salts) | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| Bolvidon | mianserin | depression | 30-90mg | 10-17 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-1A2 (inhibitor) UGT-1A4 | * tetracyclic: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Buprenex | buprenorphine injectable | analgesic, depression, opioid dependence | 1.2-3.2mg | 2.2 hrs (1.2-7.2 hrs) | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) partial agonist opioid(kappa) antagonist |
| Buronil | melperone | antipsychotic | 100mg | N/A | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist |
| Buspar | buspirone | anxiety, GAD, IBS, AD augment | 20-30mg (60mg max) | 2-3 hrs CYP-3A4 | * azapirone: 5-HT1a full agonist (pre) 5-HT1a partial agonist (post) DA2 partial agonist * 1-PP metabolite: NE-alpha2 antagonist |
| Calan | verapamil | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, bipolar disorder | 240-480mg | 5-12 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * valeronitrile: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Campral | acamprosate | antidipsotropic, alcohol dependence, alcohol withdrawal, bipolar disorder | 1200-1800mg | 13-28 hrs renal excretion | * homotaurine: GLU release inhibitor GABAergic |
| Cantor | minaprine | depression, nootropic | 100-250mg | 2-3 hrs | * phenylpyridazine: DA increase ACh increase ACh(m) agonist 5-HT2b antagonist PKC activation |
| Carbolith | lithium | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| Catapres | clonidine | hypertension, ADD, ADHD, anxiety, aggression, opioid withdrawal, motor tics, Tourette's, migraine | 0.2-0.6mg (2.4mg max) | 12-16 hrs | * imidazoline: NE-alpha2 agonist |
| Celexa | citalopram | depression | 20 - 60mg | 35 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Centrax | prazepam | anxiolytic, hypnotic | 5-30mg | 60 hrs glucuronoconjugation | BZD, BZD agonist |
| Centroton | pyrovalerone | psychostimulant, depression | 20-80mg | 1 hr | * pyrrolidine: DA reuptake inhibition |
| Cibalith-S | lithium | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| Cipralex | escitalopram | depression, panic disorder | 10-30mg | 27-32 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Cipramil | citalopram | depression | 20 - 60mg | 35 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Cledial | medifoxamine | depression | 100-150mg | 1 hr | * amine DA reuptake inhibition 5- HT2a antagonist 5-HT2c antagonist |
| Clopixol | clopenthixol | antipsychotic | 10-50mg (200mg max) | 20 hrs | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Clozaril | clozapine | antipsychotic, depression, reduce TD | 150-900mg | 12 hrs (4-66 hrs) | * dibenzodiazepine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + DA4 antagonist + 5-HT2a/b/c ++ 5-HT6/7 + NE- alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist +++ Ach(m) antagonist +++ |
| Cogentin | benztropine | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS, antispasmodic | 0.5-6.0mg | N/A | * methanesulfonate: anticholinergic ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Compazine | prochlorperazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 10-20mg (40mg max) | antipsychotic, antiemetic, Ménière's Disease, labyrinthitis, vertigo | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ |
| Comtan | entacapone | Parkinsons | 400-1600mg | 1 hr glucuronidation | * nitrocatechol: COMT inhibition |
| Concerta | methylphenidate | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 18-54mg | 3.5 hrs | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| Conflictan | oxaflozane | depression | 15-30mg | 5 hrs | * morpholine: 5-HT increase |
| Consonar | brofaromine | depression, social phobia | 50-150mg | 15 hrs CYP-1A2 | * piperidine: RIMA 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| Cylert | pemoline | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, depression | 56.25-75mg (112.5mg max) | 12 hrs | * oxazolidinedione: DA increase |
| Cymbalta | duloxetine | depression | 40-120mg | 10-15 hrs | * thiophenepropanamine: SNRI NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ |
| Cytomel | triiodothyronine | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 25-100mcg | 1-2 days | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| Dalmane | flurazepam | insomnia | 15-30mg | 2-3 hrs (N-desalkylflurazepam: 80 hrs) CYP-3A4 | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Darvon | propoxyphene | analgesic | 65-390mg | 6-12 hrs (norpropoxyphene 30-36 hrs) CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * diphenylbutanol: opioid opioid agonist |
| Deanxit | melitracen 10mg + flupentixol 0.5mg | depression, anxiety, asthenia | 1-2 tablets | N/A | * TCA + neuroleptic |
| Depacon | sodium valproate (injectable) | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| Depakene | valproic acid | anticonvulsant | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| Depakote | valproate, divalproex | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| Deprilept | maprotiline | depression | 75-150mg | 27-58 hrs CYP-2D6 | * tetracyclic: NE reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Deproxin | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Deracyn | adinazolam | depression, anxiety, panic disorder | 30-90mg | 3 hrs P450-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD partial agonist NE release 5-HT release |
| Daroxat | paroxetine | depression, OCD, GAD, social anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder | 20-60mg | 15-21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenylpiperidine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Deplin | L-methylfolate | depression, low serum folate | 7.5mg | 6-8 hrs | * folate: DA, NE, 5-HT increase |
| Desoxyn | methamphetamine | ADD, ADHD, obesity | 10-25mg | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: 5-HT release NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| Desyrel | trazodone | depression, insomnia | AD: 100-600mg hypnotic: 25-150mg | 5-9 hrs CYP-3A mCPP: CYP-2D6 | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| Dexedrine | d-amphetamine | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| DextroStat | d-amphetamine | ADD, ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity | 5-30mg (40mg max) | 10-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * psychostimulant: NE release +++ DA release ++ DA reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + |
| Dilantin | phenytoin | anticonvulsant, aggression, mood disorders | 300-600mg blood-level: 10-20 mcg/mL | * Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+ channel inhibition | |
| Dipiperon | pipamperone | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 20-160 (400mg max) | N/A | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| Dixoran | melitracen | depression | 75-225mg | N/A | * TCA |
| Dixarit | clonidine | hypertension, ADD, ADHD, anxiety, aggression, opioid withdrawal, motor tics, Tourette's, migraine | 0.2-0.6mg (2.4mg max) | 12-16 hrs | * imidazoline: NE-alpha2 agonist |
| Dizac | diazepam (injectable) | anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures, status epilepticus, athetosus, tetanus, alcohol withdrawal, surgical sedation | 10-40mg | 20 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A4 | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Dolophine | methadone | opioid dependence, analgesic | 15-40mg | 28-35 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-3A UGT-UB7 | * diphenylheptane: opioid: opioid(mu) agonist |
| Dogmatil | sulpiride | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-2400mg AD: 50-200mg | 8 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + (pre > post) DA3/4 antagonist ++ |
| Dolene | propoxyphene | analgesic | 65-390mg | 6-12 hrs (norpropoxyphene 30-36 hrs) CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * diphenylbutanol: opioid opioid agonist |
| Dolmatil | sulpiride | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-2400mg AD: 50-200mg | 8 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + (pre > post) DA3/4 antagonist ++ |
| Dopar | l-dopa (levodopa) | Parkinsons, depression | 2-8grams | 1-2 hrs | * catecholamine: DA increase |
| Domar | pinazepam | anxiolytic | 10mg | N/A | * propargylic: benzodiazepine BZD agonist |
| Doral | quazepam | insomnia | 7.5-15mg (30mg max) | 39 hrs | * trifluoroethyl benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Dormonoct | loprazolam | insomnia | 1-2mg | 8 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Dostinex | cabergoline | Hyperprolactinemia, Parkinsons, Depression, RLS | 0.25-1.0mg Twice a week | 60 hrs Hydrolysis | * ergoline: DA2 agonist 5-HT2b agonist |
| Duralith | lithium | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| Dutonin | nefazodone | depression | 300-600mg | 2-4 hrs CYP-3A (mCPP 4-8 hrs CYP-2D6) | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| Dynacirc | isradipine | hypertension, bipolar disorder, depression | 5-10mg (20mg max) | 8 hrs CYP-3A4 | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Ecotril | dibenzepine | depression | 240-480mg | N/A | * dibenzepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + |
| Ectris | flibanserin | depression | 50-200mg | 5.0-6.5 hrs | * benzimidazol: 5-HT1a agonist 5- HT2a antagonist |
| Edronax | reboxetine | depression | 4-12mg | 12 hrs CYP-3A | * benzyl morpholine NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Effexor | venlafaxine | depression, anxiety disorders, GAD, ADD, ADHD, OCD, fibromyalgia | 75-300mg (600mg max) | 5-7 hrs CYP-2D6 | * cyclohexanol: SNRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| Elavil | amitriptyline | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Eldepryl | selegiline, l-deprenyl | Parkinsons, depression, Alzheimer's Dementia | 5-30mg (60mg max) | 2-10 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-2B6 | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| Emdalen | lofepramine | depression | 70 - 210mg | 4-6 hrs CYP-2D6 | * TCA: NE reuptake inhibition |
| Emend | aprepitant | depression, antiemetic | N/A | N/A | * triazoline: NK-1 antagonist |
| Emitrip | amitriptyline | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Emsam | selegiline, l-deprenyl | depression | 6mg/24hr patch 9mg/24hr patch 12mg/24hr patch | 18-25 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-2B6 | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| Endep | amitriptyline | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Enovil | amitriptyline | depression, insomnia, anorexia, pain disorders, migraine | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20 hrs (10-50 hrs) CYP-2D6 CYP-2C19 CYP-1A2 P-gp | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT2 antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Epitol | carbamazepine | anticonvulsant, pain disorders, aggression | 600-1200mg | 12-17 hrs CYP-3A4 CYP-2C19 | * tricyclic iminostilbene: Na+ channel inhibition adenylyl cyclase inhibition |
| Epival | divalproex, valproate | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| Equanil | meprobamate | anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic | 1200-1600mg (2400 max) | 6-17 hrs glucuronide conjugation | * carbamate: CNS depressant |
| Eskalith | lithium | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| Estorra | eszopiclone | insomnia | 2-3mg | 6 hrs CYP3A4 CYP2E1 | * cyclopyrrolone: BZD GABA receptor agonist |
| Etrafon | amitriptyline + perphenazine | comorbid depression with (agitation or anxiety) | 200mg+16mg max | N/A | * NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ + DA antagonist |
| Ebixa | memantine | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, pain disorders, neuroprotective | 20-40mg | 60-80 hrs | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist |
| Eunerpan | melperone | antipsychotic | 100mg | N/A | * butyrophenone: DA2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist |
| Eutonyl | pargyline | depression, hypertension | 90mg | N/A | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| Evadyne | butriptyline | depression | N/A | N/A | * TCA: NE reuptake inhibition 5- HT reuptake inhibition |
| Fanapt | iloperidone | antipsychotic | 6-12mg | 25 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4. | * piperidinyl-benzisoxazole: DA(2,3) antagonist++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist + NE-alpha1 + |
| Felbatol | felbamate | epilepsy, biopolar disorder | 600-2400mg (3600mg max) | 20-23 hrs CYP-2E1 CYP-2C19 (inhibitor) | * phenylpropanediol: NMDA antagonist |
| Floxyfral | fluvoxamine | depression, OCD | 100 - 300mg | 15.6 hrs CYP-2C9 CYP-3A4 (inhibitor) | * valerophenone: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Fluanxol | flupenthixol | antipsychotic | 3-6mg (12mg max) | 14-17 days (injectable) | * thioxanthene neuroleptic: DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ |
| Fluoxac | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Fluoxil | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Focalin | dexmethylphenidate | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 5-20mg | 3.5 hrs | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| Frisium | clobazam | epilepsy, anxiolytic | 20-60mg | 18-26 hrs | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Gabitril | tiagabine | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 32-56mg | 7-9 hrs CYP-3A | * piperidine: GABA reuptake inhibition |
| Gamanil | lofepramine | depression | 70 - 210mg | 4-6 hrs CYP-2D6 | * TCA: NE reuptake inhibition |
| Geodon | ziprasidone | antipsychotic, depression | 40-160mg (200mg max) | 7 hrs aldeyde oxidase | * neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ DA3 antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT1d antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist +++ NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| Halcion | triazolam | hypnotic | 0.125-0.5mg | 3 hrs (1.5-5.5) CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Haldol | haloperidol | antipsychotic, Tourette's syndrome | 2-20mg (40mg max) | 18-25 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) glucuronidation | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3/4 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a + NE-alpha1 ++ |
| Humoryl | toloxatone | depression | 600mg | 1-2 hrs | * oxazolidinone: RIMA |
| Hydergine | dihydroergocryptine (DHEC) + ergoloid mesylates | nootropic, cerebrovascular insufficiency, dementia, neuroprotection, migraine | 1-3mg | 2.6-5.1 hrs | * ergot alkaloid: DA agonist NE- alpha antagonist MAOI |
| Imovane | zopiclone | insomnia | 3.75-7.5mg | 5 hrs CYP-2C8/9 CYP-3A | * cyclopyrrolone: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Inapsine | droperidol | antipsychotic, antiemetic | injectable | 2 hrs | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist |
| Inderal | propranolol | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, tremor, migraine, panic disorder, akathisia, pheochromocytoma | 40-240mg (640 max) | 4 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) UGT-2B7 UGT-1A9 | * aryloxypropanolamine: NE-beta antagonist |
| Insidon | opipramol | depression | 150-300mg | N/A | * dibenzoazepine: TCA sigma antagonist +++ 5-HT2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Invega | paliperidone | antipsychotic, schizophrenia | 6mg (3-9mg) | 23 hours CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 | * benzisoxazole: DA2 antagonist 5-HT2A antagonist NE alpha-1 antagonist NE alpha-2 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Inversine | mecamylamine | hypertension, Tourette's, ADD, ADHD, smoking cessation, bipolar disorder | 5-25mg | renal excretion | * amine ACh(n) antagonist |
| Ionamin | phentermine | obesity, depression | 20-30mg | 20 hrs (7-20 hrs) | * phenethylamine: NE release ++ DA release + |
| Iprozid | iproniazid | tuberculosis, depression | 50-150mg | 2-3 hrs | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Isoptin | verapamil | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, bipolar disorder | 240-480mg | 5-12 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * valeronitrile: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Ixel | milnacipran | depression | 50-200mg | 8 hrs glucuronidation renal excretion | * cyclopropane derivative: NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| Janimine | imipramine | depression, ADD, ADHD, IBS | 75-300mg | 19 hrs (8-20 hrs) | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Jumex | selegiline, l-deprenyl | Parkinsons, depression, Alzheimer's | 5-30mg (60mg max) | 2-10 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-2B6 | * propargylamine: MAOI MAO-B inhibition ++ MAO-A inhibition + |
| Kemadren | procyclidine | Parkinson's, AP-induced EPS | 10-30mg | 12 hrs | * ACh(m) antagonist |
| Keppra | levetiracetam | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 1000-3000mg (5000mg max) | 6-8 hrs | * pyrrolidine: Ca2+(N) channel inhibitor |
| Ketensin | ketanserin | hypertension, preeclampsia, Raynaud's | 60-120mg (160mg max) | 15 hrs | * quinazolinedione: NMDA antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Kinupril | quinupramine | depression | 2.5-15mg | 9 hrs | * dibenzoazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh(m) antagonist |
| Klonopin | clonazepam | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome | anxiety: 0.5-4mg AC: 1.5-10mg (20mg max) | 30-40 hrs CYP-3A4 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT increase |
| Lamictal | lamotrigine | antconvulsant, bipolar disorder, depression | 50-500mg | 25 hrs (48 hrs with valproate) (12 hrs with carbamazepine) UGT-1A4 | * phenyltriazine: Na+ channel inhibition GLU release inhibition Ca2+(N) channel inhibition Ca2+(P) channel inhibition |
| Largactil | chlorpromazine | antipsychotic, hiccups, nausea, porphyria | 75-200mg (900mg max) | 30 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-1A2 UGT-1A4 | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| Larodopa | l-dopa (levodopa) | Parkinsons, depression | 2-8grams | 1-2 hrs | * catecholamine: DA increase |
| Latuda | lurasidone | antipsychotic, depression | 40-80mg (120mg max) | 18 hrs aldeyde oxidase CYP-3A4 | * benzoisothiazol DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT1d antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT7 antagonist +++ |
| Lectopam | bromazepam | anxiolytic, muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, alcohol withdrawal, delerium tremens | 4.5-9.0mg (36mg max) | 19 hrs hydroxylation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Levoprome | levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine) | antipsychotic, migraine, surgical sedation, pain disorders | 50-200mg (500mg max) | 15-30 hrs CYP-2D6 | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Levotonine | oxitriptan | depression | 150-250mg | 4 hrs | * 5-hydroxytryptophan: 5-HT precursor |
| Levoxine | thyroxine (T4) | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 100-400mcg | 6-7 days glucuronoconjugation | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| Lexapro | escitalopram | depression | 10-30mg | 27-32 hrs CYP-2C19 | * bicyclic phthalane: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Lexotan | bromazepam | anxiolytic, muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, alcohol withdrawal, delerium tremens | 4.5-9.0mg (36mg max) | 19 hrs hydroxylation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Lexotanil | bromazepam | anxiolytic, muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, delerium tremens | 4.5-9.0mg (36mg max) | 19 hrs hydroxylation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Libritabs | chlordiazepoxide | anxiolytic, alcohol withdrawal, IBS | 10-40mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-3A | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Librium | chlordiazepoxide | anxiolytic, alcohol withdrawal, IBS | 10-40mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-3A | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Limbitrol | amitriptyline + chlordiazepoxide (12.5+5mg) (25+10mg) | comorbid depression and anxiety | (25+10mg) 3-6 per day | N/A | * TCA + benzodiazepine: NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ + BZD agonist |
| Lithobid | lithium | bipolar disorder, depression (augmentor), schizoaffective, neuroprotection, neurotrophic | bipolar: 900-1500mg (0.8-1.2 mEq/L) unipolar: 300-600mg (0.4-0.6 mEq/L) | 14-30 hrs renal excretion | * alkali metal Li+ ion: 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist GLU decreased PI turnover decreased PKC decreased GSK-3b decreased MAP kinase increase Bcl-2 increase BDNF increase NFG increase |
| Lotrel | almodipine | hypertension, angina, bipolar disorder | 5-10mg | 30-50 hrs | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Lovan | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Loxapac | loxapine | antipsychotic | 60-100mg (250mg max) | 3 hrs 20-30 hrs (active metabolite) UGT-1A4 glucuronidation | * dibenzoxazepine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Loxitane | loxapine | antipsychotic | 60-100mg (250mg max) | 3 hrs 20-30 hrs (active metabolite) UGT-1A4 glucuronidation | * dibenzoxazepine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Ludiomil | maprotiline | depression | 75-150mg | 27-58 hrs CYP-2D6 | * tetracyclic: NE reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Lunesta | eszopiclone | insomnia | 2-3mg | 6 hrs CYP3A4 CYP2E1 | * cyclopyrrolone: BZD GABA receptor agonist |
| Lustral | sertraline | depression, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder | 50-200mg | 26 hrs CYP-2C19 (inhibitor) CYP-2D6 CYP-2B6 | * naphtalamine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| Luvox | fluvoxamine | depression, OCD | 100 - 300mg | 15.6 hrs CYP-2C9 CYP-3A4 (inhibitor) | * valerophenone: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Lyrica | pregabalin | anticonvulsant, anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, pain disorders | 150-600mg | 6 hrs | * isobutylgaba: GABA increase Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Manerix | moclobemide | depression, social phobia | 150 - 600mg (1200 max) | 1-2 hrs CYP-2C19 | * benzamide: RIMA |
| Margesic | propoxyphene | analgesic | 65-390mg | 6-12 hrs (norpropoxyphene 30-36 hrs) CYP-3A (inhibitor) CYP-2C8/9 | * diphenylbutanol: opioid opioid agonist |
| Marplan | isocarboxazid | depression | 30-80mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Mazanor | mazindol | obesity, EDS, depression | 1-3mg | 12 hrs | * imidazoline: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| Mellaril | thioridazine | antipsychotic | 30-200mg (800mg max) | 7-9 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Meridia | sibutramine | obesity, depression | 5-15mg | 1-2 hrs CYP-3A metabolites: 15 hrs | * dimethylamine+ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| Merital | nomifensine | depression | 100-200mg | 2 hrs | * tetrahydroisoquinoline: DA reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ |
| Metadate | methylphenidate | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 20-30mg (60mg max) | 6.8 hrs | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| Mexitil | mexiletine | antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, pain disorders, | 300-1200mg | 10 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-1A2 (inhibitor) | * Na+ channel inhibitor |
| Milltown | meprobamate | anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic | 1200-1600mg (2400 max) | 6-17 hrs glucuronide conjugation | * carbamate: CNS depressant |
| Mifeprex | mifepristone (RU-486) | terminate pregnancy, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression | 600-1200mg | 18 hrs CYP-3A4 | * proponyl-estra-diene cortisol receptor antagonist progesterone receptor antagonist |
| Minipress | prazosin | antihypertensive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis | 6-20mg (40mg max) | 2-3 hrs demethylation conjugation | * quinazoline: NE alpha1 antagonist |
| Mirapex | pramipexole | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia | 1.5-4.5mg | 8-12 hrs renal excretion | * benzthiazole: DA2 agonist ++ (pre > post) DA3 agonist +++ |
| Moban | molindone | antipsychotic | 20-225mg | 1.5 hrs | * dihydroindolone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist ++ |
| Modecate | fluphenazine | antipsychotic | 2.5-20.0mg (40mg max) | 20 hrs CYP-2D6 P-gp | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist ++ DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist + |
| Mogadon | nitrazepam | insomnia | 2.5 - 10mg | 23 hrs (18-28 hrs) CYP-3A CYP-2D6 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Monase | etryptamine | depression | N/A | N/A | * ndolalkylamine: MAOI |
| Mysoline | primidone | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 250-1000mg | 10 hrs CYP-2C19 | * pyrimidinedione: barbiturate CNS depressant |
| Namenda | memantine | Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression, pain disorders, neuroprotective | 20-40mg | 60-80 hrs | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist |
| Nardil | phenelzine | depression, social anxiety, GAD, panic disorder, OCD | 30-60mg (60 mg max) | 12 hrs | * hydrazine: MAOI GABA transaminase inhibition |
| Navane | thiothixene | antipsychotic | 15-30mg (60 max) | 34 hrs CYP-1A2 | * thioxanthene: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Nefadar | nefazodone | depression | 300-600mg | 2-4 hrs CYP-3A (mCPP 4-8 hrs CYP-2D6) | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| Neuralex | benmoxine | depression, anger | 50-75mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Neurontin | gabapentin | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, pain disorders, migraine | 600-2400mg (5400mg max) | 5-7 hrs renal excretion | * cyclohexonacetic acid: GABA increase Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Niamid | nialamide | depression | 150-200mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Nimotop | nimodipine | cerebral ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, bipolar disorder | 180-360mg | 8-9 hrs CYP-3A | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Nobrium | medazepam | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle-relaxant | 10-30mg | 2-5 hrs 1-15 hrs (biphasic) | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Noctamid | lormetazepam | insomnia | 1-2mg | 10 hrs | * benzodiazepine BZD agonist |
| Nogedal | noxiptiline | depression | 25-200mg | N/A | * dibenzocycloheptene: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Nootropil | piracetam | nootropic, Alzheimer's, cerebral ischemia, myoclonus | 1500-2500mg | 6-8 hrs | * pyrrolidine: membrane fluidity increase |
| Norpramin | desipramine | depression, ADD, ADHD, bulimia, IBS, pain disorders | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzazepine: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Nortec | chloral hydrate | insomnia | 500 - 1000mg | 8-10 hrs | * CNS depressant: GABA-A increase |
| Norvasc | almodipine | hypertension, angina, bipolar disorder | 5-10mg | 30-50 hrs | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Noveril | dibenzepine | depression | 240-480mg | N/A | * dibenzepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + |
| Nozinan | methotrimeprazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic, anxiolytic, sedative, analgesic | anxiolytic: 10-25mg AP: 50-200mg (500 max) | 15-30 hrs CYP-2D6 | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist NE-alpha antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Olmifon | adrafinil | nootropic, vigilance, depression, dysthymia | 600-1200mg | 1 hr glycuroconjugation | * diphenyl methylsulfinyl: GLU release |
| OmegaBrite | omega-3 fatty acids | bipolar disorder | 2-10g | N/A | * phospholipid: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) enhances membrane integrity PKC inhibition G-Protein transduction decrease |
| Orap | pimozide | antipsychotic, Tourette's | 2-12mg (20mg max) | 110 hrs CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * diphenylbutylpiperidine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist Ca2+(T) channel inhibitor |
| Oxycontin | oxycodone | analgesic, depression | 60-180mg (10-30mg every 4 hours) | 3-5 hrs CYP-2D6 UGT-2B7 | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) agonist |
| Pamelor | nortriptyline | depression, pain disorders | 50-100mg (150mg max) blood level: 50-150 ng/mL | 20 hrs (18-90 hrs) CYP-2D6 | * dibenzocycloheptadiene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh antagonist H1 antagonist NE-alpha antagonist |
| Pardidol | ethopropazine | Parkinsons, AP-induced EPS | 100-600mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: ACh(m) antagonist |
| Parlodel | bromocriptine | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly | 2.5-40mg | 2-8 hrs | * ergot alkaloid: DA2 agonist |
| Parnate | tranylcypromine | depression | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 2 hrs CYP-2C19 (inhibitor only) | * cyclopropylamine: MAOI |
| Paxipam | halazepam | anxiolytic | 60-160mg | oxidation | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Paxil | paroxetine | depression, OCD, GAD, social anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder | 20-60mg | 15-21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenylpiperidine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Percolone | oxycodone | analgesic, depression | 60-180mg (10-30mg every 4 hours) | 3-5 hrs CYP-2D6 UGT-2B7 | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) agonist |
| Periactin | cyproheptadine | allergy, pruritis, urticaria, AD sexual side-effects, appetite stimulant, migraine | 4-20mg (32mg max) | 1-4 hrs renal excretion | * dibenzocycloheptene: 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT2c antagonist ++ H1 antagonist +++ H4 antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Permax | pergolide | Parkinsons, depression, RLS, hyperprolactinemia | 0.25-5mg | CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * ergot alkaloid: DA1 agonist DA2 agonist 5-HT2b agonist |
| Permitil | fluphenazine | antipsychotic | 2.5-20.0mg (40mg max) | 20 hrs CYP-2D6 P-gp | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist ++ DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist + |
| Pertofrane | desipramine | depression, ADD, ADHD, bulimia, IBS, pain disorders | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 20-25 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzazepine: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Physeptone | methadone | opioid dependence, analgesic | 15-40mg | 28-35 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-3A UGT-UB7 | * diphenylheptane: opioid: opioid(mu) agonist |
| Piportil | pipotiazine | antipsychotic | 5-20mg | 11-12 hrs | * piperidine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist +++ |
| Pragmarel | trazodone | depression, insomnia | AD: 100-600mg hypnotic: 25-150mg | 5-9 hrs CYP-3A mCPP: CYP-2D6 | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| Prazinil | carpipramine | antipsychotic, drug detoxification | 50-400mg | N/A | * dibenzoazepine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist |
| Pretonine | oxitriptan | depression | 150-250mg | 4 hrs | * 5-hydroxytryptophan: 5-HT precursor |
| Procardia | nifedipine | antihypertensitive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis, angina, migraine, bipolar disorder | 30-120mg (180 max) | 2 hrs CYP-3A (inhibitor) | * dihydropyridine: CCB Ca2+(L) channel inhibition |
| Prodep | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Prolixin | fluphenazine | antipsychotic | 2.5-20.0mg (40mg max) | 20 hrs CYP-2D6 P-gp | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist ++ DA2 antagonist +++ 5-HT2a antagonist + |
| Prosom | estazolam | insomnia | 1-2mg | 10-24 hrs CYP-3A4 | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Prothiaden | dothiepin | depression | 50-225mg | 22 hrs (11-30 hrs) CYP-1A2 CYP-2D6 | * dibenzothiepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| Provigil | modafinil | narcolepsy, EDS, depression | 200-400mg | 15 hrs hydrolysis | * diphenyl methylsulfinyl: GLU release |
| Prozac | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Reductil | sibutramine | obesity, depression | 5-15mg | 1-2 hrs CYP-3A metabolites: 15 hrs | * dimethylamine+ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ NE reuptake inhibition ++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| Regitine | phentolamine | antihypertensive, MAOI-tyramine hypertensive crisis, Raynaud Syndrome | 5mg injectable | 19 min | * imidazoline: NE alpha antagonist |
| Remeron | mirtazapine | depression | 15 - 45mg (75mg max) | 20-40 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A | * piperazinoazepine: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist 5-HT3 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Reminyl | galantamine | Alzheimer's, | 8-16mg (24mg max) | 7 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A4 glucuronidation | * tertiary alkaloid: cholinergic ACh acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ACh(n) agonist |
| Requip | ropinirole | Parkinsons, depression, RLS | 0.75-3.0mg | 6 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A CYP-2D6 (inhibitor only) | * dipropylamine: DA3 agonist ++ DA2 agonist + |
| Restoril | temazepam | insomnia | 10 - 20mg | 8 hrs CYP-2B6 CYP-3A UGT-2B7 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Revex | nalmefene | opioid overdose, opioid dependence, alcohol dependence, OCD, SI | 20-80mg | 7-10 hrs UGT-UB7 | * morphinane: opioid(mu) antagonist +++ opioid(kappa) antagonist +++ opioid(delta) antagonist ++ |
| Revia | naltrexone | opioid overdose, opioid dependence, alcohol dependence, OCD, SI, depression | 50-100mg | 4 hrs (6-(beta)-naltrexol 13 hrs) UGT-UB7 | * oxymorphone: opioid antagonist |
| Rhotrimine | trimipramine | depression | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 24 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A CYP-2C19 | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist Ca2+ channel inhibition ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Rhovane | zopiclone | insomnia | 3.75-7.5mg | 5 hrs CYP-2C8/9 CYP-3A | * cyclopyrrolone: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Rilutek | riluzole | ALS, depression, bipolar disorder | 100mg | 12 hrs CYP-1A2 | * benzothiazole: glutamate release inhibitor Na+ channel inhibition |
| Risperdal | risperidone | antipsychotic, depression | AP: 4-16mg AD: 0.5mg-2mg | RM: 3 hrs SM: 20 hrs CYP-3A P-gp | * benzisoxazole: neuroleptic: DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist +++ NE-alpha(1,2) antagonist ++ H1 antagonist + |
| Ritalin | methylphenidate | ADD, ADHD, depression, CFS | 20-30mg (60mg max) | 2.9 hrs | * psychostimulant: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition NE release |
| Rivotril | clonazepam | anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome | anxiety: 0.5-4mg AC: 1.5-10mg (20mg max) | 30-40 hrs CYP-3A4 | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT increase |
| Rohypnol | flunitrazepam | anxiolytic, hypnotic | 1.0-3.0mg | 22 hrs (16-35 hrs) CYP-3A UGT-UB7 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Roxicodone | oxycodone | analgesic, depression | 60-180mg (10-30mg every 4 hours) | 3-5 hrs CYP-2D6 UGT-2B7 | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) agonist |
| Roxiam | remoxipride | antipsychotic | 50-150mg | 4-6 hrs CYP-2D6 | * substituted benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + sigma antagonist +++ |
| Rozerem | ramelteon | insomnia | 16-64mg | N/A | * tricyclic indan analogue: melatonin M1 receptor agonist +++ melatonin M2 receptor agonist +++ |
| Sabril | vigabatrin | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 2000-4000mg | 5-8 hrs | * gamma-vinyl-GABA: GABA increase GABA transaminase inhibition |
| Sanorex | mazindol | obesity, EDS, depression | 1-3mg | 12 hrs | * imidazoline: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| Saphris | asenapine | antipsychotic, bipolar mania | 10-20mg | 24 hrs CYP-1A2 glucuronidation | * dibenzo-oxepino pyrrole: DA(1,2,3,4) antagonist ++ 5-HT2(a,b,c) antagonist +++ 5-HT1(a,b) partial agonist ++ 5-HT7 antagonist ++ NE alpha2 antagonist |
| Sarafem | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Serax | oxazepam | anxiolytic, alchohol withdrawal | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 8 hrs (5.7-10.9 hrs) UGT-UB7 (inhibitor) | * 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Serentil | mesoridazine | antipsychotic, alcoholism, chronic brain syndrome: | 100-400mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-2D6 | * piperidine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Serenase | haloperidol | antipsychotic, Tourette's syndrome | 2-20mg (40mg max) | 18-25 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) glucuronidation | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3/4 ++ 5-HT2a + NE-alpha1 ++ |
| Serepress | ketanserin | hypertension, preeclampsia, Raynaud's | 60-120mg (160mg max) | 15 hrs | * quinazolinedione: NMDA antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Serdolect | sertindole | antipsychotic | 20-24mg | 60-73 hrs | * imidazolidinone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a/c antagonist +++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ |
| Seroquel | quetiapine | antipsychotic | 300-500mg (800mg max) | 6 hrs CYP-3A glucuronidation | * dibenzothiazepine: neuroleptic: DA2 antagonist + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist + sigma antagonist |
| Seroxat | paroxetine | depression, OCD, GAD, social anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder | 20-60mg | 15-21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * phenylpiperidine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ ACh(m) antagonist |
| Serzone | nefazodone | depression | 300-600mg | 2-4 hrs CYP-3A (mCPP 4-8 hrs CYP-2D6) | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition + NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT1a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ * mCPP metabolite: 5-HT2b agonist ++ 5-HT2c agonist ++ |
| Sigaperidol | haloperidol | antipsychotic, Tourette's syndrome | 2-20mg (40mg max) | 18-25 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) glucuronidation | * butyrophenone: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3/4 ++ 5-HT2a + NE-alpha1 ++ |
| Sinemet | carbidopa/l-dopa | Parkinsons, depression | 8 x (25/250mg) max | 1-2 hrs | * catecholamine: DA increase |
| Sinequan | doxepin | depression, anxiety, | 75-150mg (300mg max) | 8-24 hrs CYP-2D6 | * dibenzoxepin: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist +++ H2 antagonist +++ NE- alpha1 antagonist |
| Sintamil | nitroxazepine | depression, nocturnal enuresis | 75-225mg | N/A | * TCA |
| Solian | amisulpride | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-800mg (1200mg max) AD: 50-200mg | 12 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ (pre > post) DA3 antagonist +++ |
| Sonata | zaleplon | insomnia | 5-20mg | 1.5 hrs CYP-3A aldehyde oxidase | * pyrazolopyrimidine: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Sparine | promazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic, hiccups, alcoholic hallucinations | 50-1200mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| Stelazine | trifluoperazine | antipsychotic, anxiolytic | 4-20mg (40 max) | 10-14 hrs UGT-1A4 | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist DA2 antagonist |
| Stablon | tianeptine | depression | 25-50mg | 2-3 hrs b-oxidation n-desmethylation | * dibenzothiazepine: 5-HT reuptake accelerator |
| Compazine, Stemetil | prochlorperazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 10-20mg (40mg max) | antipsychotic, antiemetic, Ménière's Disease, labyrinthitis, vertigo | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist +++ DA3 antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ |
| Stilnox | zolpidem | insomnia | 5 - 10mg | 2.6 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A CYP-2C8/9 | * imidazopyridine: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Strattera | atomoxetine, tomoxetine | ADD, ADHD, depression | 50-150mg (1.2-1.8mg/kg) | 5 hrs (5-24 hrs) CYP-2D6 | * tolyloxypropylamine: NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Suboxone | buprenorphine + naloxone | analgesic, depression, opioid dependence | 1.2-3.2mg | 2.2 hrs (1.2-7.2 hrs) | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) partial agonist opioid(kappa) antagonist |
| Subutex | buprenorphine | analgesic, depression, opioid dependence | 1.2-3.2mg | 2.2 hrs (1.2-7.2 hrs) | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) partial agonist opioid(kappa) antagonist |
| Sufrexal | ketanserin | hypertension, preeclampsia, Raynaud's | 60-120mg (160mg max) | 15 hrs | * quinazolinedione: NMDA antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Sulparex | sulpiride | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-2400mg AD: 50-200mg | 8 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + (pre > post) DA3/4 antagonist ++ |
| Surmontil | trimipramine | depression | 50-200mg (300mg max) | 24 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A CYP-2C19 | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA DA2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist Ca2+ channel inhibition ACh(m) antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Sursum | iproclozide | depression, hypertension | 10-30mg | N/A | * hydrazine: MAOI |
| Survector | amineptine | depression | 100-200mg | 5-8 hrs | * dibenzocycloheptene: DA reuptake inhibition |
| Symmetrel | amantadine | Parkinsons, antiviral, depression, AP-induced EPS | 100-300mg | 10-22 hrs renal excretion | * cyclic amine: NMDA antagonist DA increase DA release |
| Synthroid | thyroxine (T4) | hypothyroidism, depression, bipolar disorder | 100-400mcg | 6-7 days glucuronoconjugation | * thyroid hormone: NE receptor sensitivity increase MAO inhibition |
| Taractan | chlorprothixene | antipsychotic | 300-600 | N/A | * thioxanthene neuroleptic DA1 antagonist DA2 antagonist 5-HT2 antagonist |
| Tasmar | tolcapone | Parkinsons, depression | 200-600mg | 3 hrs glucuronidation | * nitrobenzophenone: COMT inhibition |
| Tegretol | carbamazepine | anticonvulsant, pain disorders, aggression | 600-1200mg | 12-17 hrs CYP-3A4 CYP-2C19 | * tricyclic iminostilbene: Na+ channel inhibition adenylyl cyclase inhibition |
| Temgesic | buprenorphine | analgesic, depression, opioid dependence | 1.2-3.2mg | 2.2 hrs (1.2-7.2 hrs) | * morphinane: opioid opioid(mu) partial agonist opioid(kappa) antagonist |
| Temposil | calcium carbimide | alcoholism | 100-200mg | 1.5 hrs | * carbimide: acetaldehyde- deshydrogenase inhibition |
| Tenormin | atenolol | hypertension, angina, tremor, anxiety, akathisia, migraine | 50-200mg | 6-7 hrs renal excretion | * acetamide BB NE-beta1 antagonist ++ NE-beta2 antagonist + |
| Teronac | mazindol | obesity, EDS, depression | 1-3mg | 12 hrs | * imidazoline: DA reuptake inhibition NE reuptake inhibition |
| Thorazine | chlorpromazine | antipsychotic, hiccups, nausea, porphyria | 75-200mg (900mg max) | 30 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-1A2 UGT-1A4 | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA1 antagonist + DA2 antagonist ++ 5-HT2a antagonist ++ NE-alpha1 antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
| Timaxil | metapramine | depression | 150-450mg | 7 hrs desmethylation | * dibenzoazepine: NE synthesis NE release NMDA antagonist |
| Timodyne | mefexamide | depression, asthenia | 300-600mg | 4-6 hrs | psychostimulant |
| Tindal | acetophenazine | antipsychotic | 20-60mg | 20-40 hrs | * piperazine phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Tinoran | demexiptiline | depression | 50-75mg | 35 hrs desmethylation | * dibenzocycloheptene: NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh antagonist |
| Tofranil | imipramine | depression, ADD, ADHD, IBS | 75-300mg | 19 hrs (8-20 hrs) | * dibenzazepine: tertiary TCA NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Topamax | topiramate | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 200-400mg (1600 max) | 21 hrs glucuronidation CYP-2C19 | * monosaccharide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(L) channel inhibition GABA-A receptor enhancement GLU antagonist |
| Tranxene | clorazepate | anxiolytic, partial seizures, alcohol withdrawal | 15-60mg | 30-40 hrs (norclorazepate) | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Tranxilene | clorazepate | anxiolytic, partial seizures, alcohol withdrawal | 15-60mg | 30-40 hrs (norclorazepate) | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Triavil | amitriptyline + perphenazine | comorbid depression with (agitation or anxiety) | 200mg+16mg max | N/A | * TCA + neuroleptic: NE reuptake inhibition ++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition ++ + DA antagonist |
| Trilafon | perphenazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 4-16mg (64mg max) | 8-12 hrs | * piperazinyl phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Trileptal | oxcarbazepine | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder, pain disorder | 1200-2400mg | 2 hrs 9 hrs MHD (active) | * tricyclic iminostilbene: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+ channel inhibition |
| Triptil | protriptyline | depression | 15-60mg | 55-198 hrs | * dibenzocycloheptene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Tisterton | ritanserin | sleep architecture (increase slow-wave; decrease REM), depression (AD augmentation), dysthymia, schizophrenia (AP augmentation), AP-induced EPS | 5-10mg (30mg max) | 39 hrs (20-60 hrs) | * thiazolopyrimidine: 5-HT2a antagonist +++ 5-HT2b antagonist +++ 5-HT2c antagonist +++ |
| Trivastal | piribedil | cerebral ischemia, Parkinsons, depression | 50-100mg | 2-7 hrs | * piperazine: DA agonist |
| Tropium | chlordiazepoxide | anxiolytic, alcohol withdrawal, IBS | 10-40mg | 24-48 hrs CYP-3A | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Ultram | tramadol | analgesic | 100-400mg | 6-8 hrs CYP-2D6 CYP-3A glucuronidation | * opioid: opioid(mu) agonist NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT reuptake inhibition + |
| Uprima | apomorphine | Parkinsons, sexual dysfunction (erectile), alcohol withdrawal | 2-3mg | 1-2 hrs glucuronide conjugation | * dibenzoquinoleine: DA agonist |
| Upstene | indalpine | depression, anxiety | 100-150mg | 10 hrs | * indole: 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| Urecholine | bethanechol | AD-induced urinary retention | 10-50mg dose / 3-4x per day | N/A | * esther: cholinergic ACh(m) agonist |
| Vagran | propizepine | depression, parasympatholytic | 50-200mg | 8 hrs | * benzopyridodiazepine: TCA NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition ACh(m) antagonist |
| Valdoxan | agomelatine | depression, anxiety, insomnia | 25mg | 2 hours N/A | * methoxynaphthyl ethylacetamide: 5- HT2b antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist +++ melatonin M1 receptor agonist +++ melatonin M2 receptor agonist +++ |
| Valirem | sulpiride | antipsychotic, depression, dysthymia | AP: 400-2400mg AD: 50-200mg | 8 hrs renal excretion | * benzamide: neuroleptic DA2 antagonist + (pre > post) DA3/4 antagonist ++ |
| Valium | diazepam | anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, seizures, status epilepticus, athetosus, tetanus, alcohol withdrawal, surgical sedation | 10-40mg | 20 hrs CYP-2C19 CYP-3A4 | * 2-keto benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Valrelease | valproate | anticonvulsant, migraine, bipolar disorder (mood-stabilizer) | 750-3000mg (50-125mcg/ml) | 9-16 hrs CYP-2C9 (inhibitor) CYP-2A6 glucoronidation | * carboxylic acid: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition GABA increase: 1. GABA transaminase inhibition 2. SSAD dehydrogenase inhibition |
| Versed | midazolam | preoperative sedation | 5mg injectable | 2.9-4.5 hrs CYP-3A4 | * benzodiazepine: BZD agonist |
| Vesprin | trifluopromazine | antipsychotic, antiemetic | 25-200mg | N/A | * phenothiazine: neuroleptic DA antagonist |
| Vestra | reboxetine | depression | 4-12mg | 12 hrs CYP-3A | * benzyl morpholine NE reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Viibryd | vilazodone | depression | 40mg | 25 hrs CYP-3A4 | * phenylpiperazine: 5-HT reuptake inhibitor 5-HT1a partial agonist |
| Visken | pindolol | hypertension, angina, depression | 10-60mg | 8 hrs (7-15 hrs) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) | * aryloxypropanolamine: BB NE- beta antagonist 5-HT1a antagonist |
| Vistaril | hydroxyzine | allergy, sedative | 50-100mg | 20 hrs | * piperazine: antihistamine H1 antagonist ACh(m) antagonist |
| Vivactil | protriptyline | depression | 15-60mg | 55-198 hrs | * dibenzocycloheptene: secondary TCA NE reuptake inhibition +++ 5-HT reuptake inhibition + ACh(m) antagonist NE-alpha1 antagonist |
| Vivalan | viloxazine | depression, narcolepsy, cataplexy | 15-30mg | 2-5 hrs | * morpholine: NE reuptake inhibitor +++ |
| Vivarin | caffeine | stimulant, analeptic | 50-200mg | 3-4 hrs CYP-1A2 | * methylxanthine: adenosine antagonist cAMP PDE inhibition |
| Wellbutrin | bupropion, amfebutamone | depression, smoking cessation, ADD, ADHD, AD sexual side-effects | 75-300mg (450mg max) | 21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2B6 | * monocyclic aminoketone: DA reuptake inhibition + NE increase ACh(n) antagonist |
| Xanax | alprazolam | anxiety, GAD, panic disorder | 1.5-4.0mg (10mg max) | 11.2 hrs (6-26 hrs) CYP-3A | * triazolo benzodiazepine: BZD agonist 5-HT release |
| Xyrem, Somsanit | GHB (oxybate) | narcoleptic cataplexy, anesthesia, insomnia, stroke | 6-9grams | 0.5-1.0 hrs tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle) | * gamma hydroxybutyrate GABA-B agonist GABA increase |
| Zactin | fluoxetine | depression, PMDD, OCD, bulimia | 20-60mg (120mg max) | 4-6 days (norfluoxetine 9-14 days) CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2C9 | * propylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ NE reuptake inhibition + 5-HT2c antagonist NE increase |
| Zarontin | ethosuximide | anticonvulsant | 1000-1500mg | 30-50 hrs CYP-3A4 | * succinimide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca+2 channel inhibition |
| Zeldox | ziprasidone | antipsychotic, depression | 40-160mg (200mg max) | 7 hrs aldeyde oxidase | * neuroleptic DA2 antagonist ++ DA3 antagonist ++ 5-HT1a agonist ++ 5-HT1d antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist +++ NE reuptake inhibition 5-HT reuptake inhibition |
| Zelmid | zimeldine | depression, migraine, obesity | 75-300mg | 8 hrs | * dimethylallylamine: SSRI 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ |
| Zimovane | zopiclone | insomnia | 3.75-7.5mg | 5 hrs CYP-2C8/9 CYP-3A | * cyclopyrrolone: GABA-A BZD(1) agonist |
| Zipsin | mirtazapine | depression | 15 - 45mg (75mg max) | 20-40 hrs CYP-1A2 CYP-3A | * piperazinoazepine: NE-alpha2 antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist 5-HT3 antagonist H1 antagonist |
| Zofran | ondansetron | antiemetic | 8-16mg22 | 2.9-4.5 hrs CYP-3A4 | * imidazole: 5-HT3 antagonist |
| Zoleptil | zotepine | antipsychotic | 100-300mg | N/A | * neuroleptic DA antagonist 5-HT2a antagonist |
| Zoloft | sertraline | depression, PTSD, OCD, panic disorder | 50-200mg | 26 hrs CYP-2C19 (inhibitor) CYP-2D6 CYP-2B6 | * naphtalamine: 5-HT reuptake inhibition +++ DA reuptake inhibition + |
| Zonegran | zonisamide | anticonvulsant, bipolar disorder | 100-600mg | 50-70 hrs CYP-3A glucuronidation | * sulfonamide: Na+ channel inhibition Ca2+(T) channel inhibition DA increase |
| Zyban | bupropion, amfebutamone | depression, smoking cessation, ADD, ADHD, AD sexual side-effects | 75-300mg (450mg max) | 21 hrs CYP-2D6 (inhibitor) CYP-2B6 | * monocyclic aminoketone: DA reuptake inhibition + NE increase ACh(n) antagonist |
| Zyprexa | olanzapine | antipsychotic, mania, mood stabilizer, depression, reduce TD | 5-15mg (20mg max) | 30 hrs (21-54 hrs) CYP-1A2 UGT-1A4 glucuronidation | * thienobenzodiazepine: neuroleptic: DA2 antagonist + DA1 antagonist + 5-HT2a antagonist ++ 5-HT2c antagonist + NE-alpha1 antagonist + ACh(m) antagonist ++ H1 antagonist ++ |
5-HT .................... serotonin 5-HT1 ................... 5-HT1 receptor 5-HTP ................... 5-hydroxytryptophan AC ...................... anticonvulsant ACh ..................... acetylcholine ACh(m) .................. acetylcholine muscarinic receptor ACh(n) .................. acetylcholine nicotinic receptor AD ...................... antidepressant ADHD .................... attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADD ..................... attention deficit disorder AIDS .................... acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AP ...................... antipsychotic ATP ..................... adenosine triphosphate BB ...................... beta-blocker Bcl-2 .................. B-cell lymphoma protein-2 BDNF .................... brain derived neurotrophic factor BZD ..................... benzodiazepine receptor CA2+ .................... calcium Ca2+(L) ................. calcium channel L-type Ca2+(T) ................. calcium channel T-type cAMP .................... cyclic adenosine monophosphate CCB ..................... calcium channel blocker COMT .................... catechol-O-methyltransferase CYP ..................... cytochrome P450 DA ...................... dopamine DA2 ..................... dopamine D2 receptorHydrolysis DSS ..................... dopamine system stabilizer EDS ..................... excessive daytime sleepiness EPS ..................... extrapyramidal side-effects GABA .................... gamma amino butyric acid GABA-A .................. GABA-A receptor GABA-B .................. GABA-B receptor GAD ..................... generalized anxiety disorder GLU ..................... glutamate GSK ..................... glycogen synthase kinase H1 ...................... histamine-1 receptor H2 ...................... histamine-2 receptor IBS ..................... irritable bowel syndrome K+ ...................... potassium M1 ...................... melatonin receptor type 1 M2 ...................... melatonin receptor type 2 MAO ..................... monoamine oxidase enzyme MAO-A ................... monomamine oxidase type-A (catabolizes NE and 5- HT) MAO-B ................... monomamine oxidase type-B (catabolizes DA) MAOI .................... monoamine oxidase inhibitor (irreversible) - compare with RIMA MAP ..................... mitogen-activated protein (kinase) NE ...................... norepinephrine (noradrenaline) NE-alpha1 ............... norepinephrine alpha-1 receptor NGF ..................... nerve growth factor NK ...................... neurokinin NMDA .................... N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor Na+ ..................... sodium OCD ..................... obsessive comulsive disorder PD ...................... panic disorder PDE ..................... phosphodiesterase PI ...................... phosphoinositide PKC ..................... protein kinase-C PMDD .................... premenstrual dysphoric disorder PTSD .................... post-traumatic stress disorder RIMA .................... reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type-A (MAO-A) RLS ..................... restless leg syndrome RM ...................... rapid metabolizers SI ...................... self-injury SM ...................... slow metabolizers SSAD .................... succinate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase TCA ..................... tricyclic antidepressant TD ...................... tardive dyskinesia TNF ..................... tumor necrosis factor UGT ..................... UDP-glucuronosyltransferase